Religious Freedom in the City Pool: Gender Segregation, Partisanship, and the Construction of Symbolic Boundaries

Abstract

Low political support for religious minority groups in the United States is often explained as a matter of social distance or unfamiliarity between religious traditions. Observable differences between beliefs and behaviors of religious minority groups and the cultural mainstream are thought to demarcate group boundaries. However, little scholarship has examined why some practices become symbolic boundaries that reduce support for religious accommodation in public policy, while nearly identical practices are tolerated. We hypothesize that politics is an important component of the process by which some religious practices are transformed into demarcations between “us” and “them.” We conduct an original survey experiment in which people are exposed to an identical policy demand—women-only swim times at a local public pool—attributed to three different religious denominations (Muslim, Jewish, and Pentecostal). We find that people are less supportive of women-only swim times when the requesting religion is not a part of their partisan coalition.

Anti-Muslim policy preferences and boundaries of American identity across partisanship

“…Filling this scholarly gap and building on the extant literature, we therefore consider the case study of Muslim Americans. As a group whose racial, ethnic, religious, and immigrant backgrounds are viewed with suspicion and often perceived to pose both a realistic and symbolic threat to the "American" way of life (Argyle et al, 2018;Kalkan et al, 2009;Lajevardi et al, 2023;, we expect American identity to predict preferences for anti-Muslim policies even across partisan lines. We argue that beyond the psychological difficulty of viewing Muslim citizens as Americans, strong American identifiers will go a step further and show a proclivity to endorse or not reject policies that clearly undermine beliefs about religious freedom and egalitarianism.…”