Oils reservoired in Cambrian and Vendian (Latest Proterozoic) marine carbonates and terrigenous clastic rocks of the Siberian Platform could have been sourced either by deeply buried basinal shales of Riphean age or, by carbonate/evaporite shelf sediments of Latest Proterozoic to Early Cambrian age. The oils from three fields in the region all have very similar hydrocarbon compositions which include the following distinctive features: high relative abundance of acyclic isoprenoids and Pr/Ph < 1; high relative a bun dance of rxrxCf. and rxjJjJ steranes and virtual absence of rearranged steranes; high abundance of 29,30-bisnorhopane and norhopane relative to hopane; high abundance of 28.30-bisnorhopane, 2rx-methyl hopanes and other unusual triterpenoids; and the presence of aryl isoprenoids. These aspects of the biomarker distributions are similar to those found in some carbonates and carbonate/evaporites from the Phanerozoic and evidently correlate with sediment lithology because they relate to biological and chemical conditions prevailing in these depositional environments. Thus, these Siberian Platform oils have likely been sourced within the Vendian/Cambrian carbonate sequence.Additional aspects of the hydrocarbon assemblage are the very high relative abundances of C 29 desmethylsteranes, C 30 3jJ-methyl-and 2cx-methylsteranes and C 3 ! 3jJ-ethylsteranes, high relative abundance of monomethyl alkanes with a preference for mid-chain isomers and an unusually light carbon isotope signature. These features comprise a pattern seen in other organic matter of Vendian age, including the Huqf Group oils of Oman. They are apparently associated with special features of the biology and palaeoenvironment which existed during the Latest Proterozoic.