RELICS: The Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey and the Brightest High-z Galaxies

Salmon, Brett; Coe, Dan; Bradley, Larry; Bouwens, Rychard; Bradač, Maruša; Huang, Kuang-Han; Oesch, Pascal; Stark, Daniel P.; Sharon, Keren; Trenti, Michele; Avila, Roberto J.; Ogaz, Sara; Andrade-Santos, Felipe; Carrasco, Daniela; Cerny, Catherine; Dawson, William A.; Frye, Brenda; Hoag, Austin; Johnson, Traci L.; Jones, Christine; Lam, Daniel; Lovisari, Lorenzo; Mainali, Ramesh; Past, Matt; Paterno-Mahler, Rachel; Peterson, Avery; Riess, Adam G.; Rodney, Steven A.; Ryan, R.; Sendra-Server, Irene; Strait, Victoria; Strolger, Louis-Gregory; Umetsu, Keiichi; Vulcani, Benedetta; Zitrin, Adi

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5a8b

Cited by 82 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…However, inspection of the available sources indicates < 0.8 ′′ offset, which is in good agreement with Liu et al (2021). This result is also not surprising because the absolute astrometry of the RELICS HST images were corrected using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer point-source catalog (Salmon et al 2020). Thus, it is unlikely that the offset between the galaxy and the X-ray source is due to differences in the Chandra and HST astrometry.…”

Section: Individual Detectionssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…In this work, we utilize gravitational lensing that brings into focus fainter sources by magnifying them. Specifically, we rely on the rich X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, optical data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and infrared data obtained from the Spitzer Space Telescope for galaxies identified by the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS; Salmon et al 2020). Through gravitational lensing, these massive galaxy clusters magnify the faint light from high-redshift galaxies behind them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Gravitationally-Lensed $z\gtrsim6$ X-ray AGN Behind the RELICS clusters

Bogdan,

Kovacs,

Jones

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Although observations of high-redshift quasars demonstrate that many supermassive black holes (BHs) reached large masses within one billion years after the Big Bang, the origin of the first BHs is still a mystery. A promising way to constrain the origin of the first BHs is to explore the average properties of z 6 BHs. However, typical BHs remain hidden from X-ray surveys, which is due to their relatively faint nature and the limited sensitivity of X-ray telescopes. Gravitational lensing provides an attractive way to study this unique galaxy population as it magnifies the faint light from these high-redshift galaxies. Here, we study the X-ray emission originating from 155 gravitationally-lensed z 6 galaxies that were detected in the RELICS survey. We utilize Chandra X-ray observations to search for AGN in the individual galaxies and in the stacked galaxy samples. We identify two potential AGN in the high-redshift galaxies, but due to the ∼ 2 ′′ offset between the X-ray source and the galaxy, we speculate that the X-ray sources are not likely to be associated with the galaxies. We stack the signal from all galaxies and do not find a statistically significant detection. We split our sample based on stellar mass, star-formation rate, and lensing magnification and stack these sub-samples. We obtain a 2.2σ detection for massive galaxies with an X-ray luminosity of (3.7 ± 1.6) × 10 42 erg s −1 , which corresponds to a (3.0 ± 1.3) × 10 5 M ⊙ BH accreting at its Eddington rate. Other stacks remain undetected and we place upper limits on the AGN emission. These limits imply that the bulk of BHs at z 6 either accrete at a few percent of their Eddington rate and/or are 1 − 2 orders of magnitude less massive than expected based on the stellar mass of their host galaxy.

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Section: Individual Detectionssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Gravitationally-Lensed $z\gtrsim6$ X-ray AGN Behind the RELICS clusters

Bogdan,

Kovacs,

Jones

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…4 South of the ALMA detection (Figure 1): a point source (referred to hereafter as 'foreground') and a background arc-like source (referred to as MACS0600-z6, whose discovery multiple image is denoted MACS0600-arc, see below for more details). The foreground source was identified in the public RELICS catalogue (Salmon et al 2020) and assigned a photometric redshift of z phot =0.82 +0.28 −0.40 . The multiple image MACS0600-arc is absent from that pipeline-generated catalogue, most likely because of its faintness and elongated shape.…”

Section: Observation and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: a strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at z ≥ 6

Laporte

Zitrin

Ellis

et al. 2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We report the discovery of an intrinsically faint, quintuply-imaged, dusty galaxy MACS0600-z6 at a redshift z =6.07 viewed through the cluster MACSJ0600.1-2008 (z=0.46). A ≃ 4σ dust detection is seen at 1.2mm as part of the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS), an on-going ALMA Large program, and the redshift is secured via [C II] 158 μm emission described in a companion paper. In addition, spectroscopic follow-up with GMOS/Gemini-North shows a break in the galaxy’s spectrum, consistent with the Lyman break at that redshift. We use a detailed mass model of the cluster and infer a magnification μ ≳30 for the most magnified image of this galaxy, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the physical properties of a sub-luminous galaxy at the end of cosmic reionisation. Based on the spectral energy distribution, we infer lensing-corrected stellar and dust masses of $\rm {2.9^{+11.5}_{-2.3}\times 10^9}$ and $\rm {4.8^{+4.5}_{-3.4}\times 10^6}$ $\rm {M_{\odot }}$ respectively, a star formation rate of $\rm {9.7^{+22.0}_{-6.6} M_{\odot } yr^{-1}}$, an intrinsic size of $\rm {0.54^{+0.26}_{-0.14}}$ kpc, and a luminosity-weighted age of 200±100 Myr. Strikingly, the dust production rate in this relatively young galaxy appears to be larger than that observed for equivalent, lower redshift sources. We discuss if this implies that early supernovae are more efficient dust producers and the consequences for using dust mass as a probe of earlier star formation.

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“…Complementary to these studies focusing on H-dropout galaxies (optically dark galaxies, hereafter) 1 in blank fields are the searches behind strongly lensing galaxy clusters. Gravitational lensing enables the detection of intrinsically fainter distant galaxies than those otherwise not accessible with direct "blank" field surveys (e.g., Kneib et al 2004;Bradley et al 2008;Zheng et al 2012;Coe et al 2015;Watson et al 2015;Salmon et al 2020;Fujimoto et al 2021;Heywood et al 2021;Laporte et al 2021). In this paper, we present a systematic search for optically dark galaxies behind 31 lensing clusters using mainly the data from the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) and Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A census of optically dark massive galaxies in the early Universe from magnification by lensing galaxy clusters

Shu,

Yang,

Liu

et al. 2021

Preprint

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We present ALMA 870µm and JCMT/SCUBA2 850µm dust continuum observations of a sample of optically dark and strongly lensed galaxies in the cluster fields. The ALMA and SCUBA2 observations reach a median rms of ∼0.11 mJy and 0.44 mJy, respectively, with the latter close to the confusion limit of the data at 850µm. This represents one of the most sensitive searches for dust emission in optically dark galaxies. We detect the dust emission in 12 out of 15 galaxies at >3.8σ, corresponding to a detection rate of 80%. Thanks to the gravitational lensing, we reach a deeper limiting flux than previous surveys in blank fields by a factor of ∼ 3. We estimate de-lensed infrared luminosities in the range 2.9 × 10 11 − 4.9 × 10 12 L , which correspond to dust-obscured star formation rates (SFRs) of ∼ 30 − 520 M yr −1 . Stellar population fits to the optical-to-NIR photometric data yield a median redshift z = 4.26 and de-lensed stellar mass 6.0 × 10 10 M . They contribute a lensing-corrected star-formation rate density at least an order of magnitude higher than that of equivalently massive UV-selected galaxies at z > 3. The results suggest that there is a missing population of massive star-forming galaxies in the early Universe, which may dominate the SFR density at the massive end (M > 10 10.3 M ). Five optically dark galaxies are located within r < 50 in one cluster field, representing a potential overdensity structure that has a physical origin at a confidence level >99.974% from Poisson statistics. Follow-up spectroscopic observations with ALMA and/or JWST are crucial to confirm whether it is associated with a protocluster at similar redshifts.

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RELICS: The Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey and the Brightest High-z Galaxies

Cited by 82 publications

References 128 publications

Exploring Gravitationally-Lensed $z\gtrsim6$ X-ray AGN Behind the RELICS clusters

Exploring Gravitationally-Lensed $z\gtrsim6$ X-ray AGN Behind the RELICS clusters

ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: a strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at z ≥ 6

A census of optically dark massive galaxies in the early Universe from magnification by lensing galaxy clusters

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