Reliability of the WAIS-R with psychiatric inpatients

Boone, Daniel E.

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199201)48:1<72::aid-jclp2270480111>3.0.co;2-0

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, Mintzer et al (2005) reported no significant differences on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in abstinent opiate addicts, relative to controls. Both the WAIS-R Vocabulary Test and DSST are considered indicative of general cognitive functioning (Wechsler, 1997;Boone, 1992;Swan et al, 1995). Possible explanations for the discrepancy in our findings and those of Mintzer include possible confounding effect of illicit drug use (Davis et al, 2002), non-exclusion of subjects with positive urine toxicologies (Mintzer et al, 2005) and variations in the length of opiate abstinence (Davis et al, 2002;Mintzer et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Neuropsychological functioning in opiate-dependent subjects receiving and following methadone maintenance treatment

Prosser

Cohen

Steinfeld

et al. 2006

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

126

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Objective-An accumulating body of research suggests that former heroin abusers in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) exhibit deficits in cognitive function. Whether these deficits are present in former methadone maintained patients following discontinuation of MMT is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that former heroin users who have detoxified from methadone maintenance therapy and are drug-free have less pronounced cognitive impairment than patients continuing longterm MMT.Method-A series of neuropsychological tests were administered to three groups of subjects: 29 former heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment, 27 former heroin addicts withdrawn from all opiates, and 29 healthy controls without a history of drug dependence. Testing included Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Vocabulary Test, the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Benton Visual Retention Test, and a Substance Use Inventory.Findings-Both methadone-maintained and abstinent subject groups performed worse than controls on tasks that measured verbal function, visual-spatial analysis and memory, and resistance to distractibility. Abstinent subjects performed worse than their methadone maintained counterparts on tests measuring visual memory and construct formation. Cognitive impairment did not correlate with any index of drug use.Conclusions-We confirmed previous findings of neuropsychological impairment in long-term MMT recipients. Both patients receiving MMT and former heroin users in prolonged abstinence exhibited a similar degree of cognitive impairment. Cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving methadone maintenance may not resolve following methadone detoxification.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Neuropsychological functioning in opiate-dependent subjects receiving and following methadone maintenance treatment

Prosser

Cohen

Steinfeld

et al. 2006

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

126

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“…For psychiatric inpatients, performance on Digit Span may be affected further by the presence of positive psychotic symptomatology or associated side effects from antipsychotic medications. Although Boone (1992) reported a test-retest reliability coefficient on Digit Span for a group of psychiatric inpatients that was comparable to that reported for the standardization group, wide fluctuations in scale scores (up to 4 scale points) occasionally were obtained on a case-by-case basis. Thus, the clinician who is using the Kaufman triad with psychiatric inpatients must be particularly attentive to the patient's readiness for and receptivity to this particular subtest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Evaluation of Kaufman's short forms of the WAIS-R with psychiatric inpatients

Boone

1992

J. Clin. Psychol.

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The relative performance of Kaufman's (Kaufman, 1990; Kaufman & Ishikuma, 1989) dyad, triad, and tetrad subtest‐reduction short forms of the WAIS‐R was evaluated for a group of 100 psychiatric inpatients. Kaufman's triad, which consists of Information, Picture Completion, and Digit Span, was judged superior, based on its brief administration time, ease of scoring, reliability, and predictive accuracy. The Kaufman triad also was compared with the Silverstein (1982) and the Reynolds, Willson, and Clark (Reynolds, Willson, & Clark, 1983; Silverstein, 1990b) tetrads and performed just as well as, if not better than, both of these short forms on all of the evaluative criteria.

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“…While few studies have found less retest effects in patients than controls, 40 most have found similar retest effects over both short and long time intervals. 38,41,42 In a longitudinal design, Heaton and colleagues 38 found similar retest effects in schizophrenic patients as healthy controls, interestingly regardless of level of psychopathological symptoms and clinical state. Covert, procedural learning seems to be one of the few neuropsychological domains in which schizophrenic patients are not particularly impaired.…”

Section: Retest Effectsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Effects of Low-Dose Risperidone and Low-Dose Zuclopenthixol on Cognitive Functions in First-Episode Drug-Naïve Schizophrenic Patients

Fagerlund

Mackeprang²,

Gade³

et al. 2004

CNS spectr.

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Background: Studies on the effects of antipsychotics on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia mostly suggest a superior effect of atypical over typical compounds, although findings are inconsistent and effect sizes small. Several methodological issues, such as heterogenous patient samples, incomparable drug doses, effects of prior medication, construct validity, and retest effects on neuropsychological tasks, confound most results and the comparability between studies. Consequently, the conclusion concerning effects of antipsychotics on cognition is still equivocal.Objective: The present randomized clinical trial examined the effects on cognition of comparatively low doses of a typical antipsychotic (zuclopenthixol) and an atypical antipsychotic (risperidone) in a homogenous group of drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenic patients in a longitudinal setting.Methods: First-episode schizophrenic patients who had never previously been exposed to antipsychotic treatment (N-25) were randomly allocated to treatment with flexible doses of zuclopenthixol or risperidone in an open-label design. Cognitive functions were examined both when patients were drug-naïve, and after 13 weeks of treatment. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was used in order to optimize construct validity, and principal components of cognitive functions were extrapolated in order to reduce type I errors. A healthy control group was tested at baseline and after 13 weeks, in order to examine retest effects. The cognitive domains studied were executive functions, selective attention, and reaction time.Results: The patients showed considerable cognitive deficits when drug-naïve. There were few differential effects of risperidone and zuclopenthixol on cognitive deficits, except for a differential significance, respectively, tendency towards improved reaction and movement times in the risperidone group, and a lack of such in the zuclopenthixol group. These differences were no longer significant after covarying for extrapyramidal side effects and anticholinergic medication that were more prevalent in the zuclopenthixol group and the increases after medication were comparable with retest effects in controls.Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of examining impact of factors, such as clinical improvement, extrapyramidal side effects, anticholinergic medication and retest effects in longitudinal efficacy studies. This study does not support efficacy of either risperidone or zuclopenthixol on cognitive functions in drug-naïve schizophrenia patients after 3 months of medication, because neither could be distinguished from retest effects of the healthy control group.

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Reliability of the WAIS-R with psychiatric inpatients

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Neuropsychological functioning in opiate-dependent subjects receiving and following methadone maintenance treatment

Neuropsychological functioning in opiate-dependent subjects receiving and following methadone maintenance treatment

Evaluation of Kaufman's short forms of the WAIS-R with psychiatric inpatients

Effects of Low-Dose Risperidone and Low-Dose Zuclopenthixol on Cognitive Functions in First-Episode Drug-Naïve Schizophrenic Patients

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