Reliability of proximal migration measurements in shoulder arthroplasty

The relation between increased deltoid activation and adductor muscle activation due to glenohumeral cuff tears

“…This phenomenon is a convincing argument for a compensatory muscle activation strategy in cuff tear patients. The future challenge is to find a quantitative relationship between proximal migration in patients with cuff lesions (Graichen et al, 1999;Nagels et al, 2008) and the amount of 'out-of-phase' adductor muscle activation. This would gap the bridge between the observed 'out-ofphase' adductor activation and glenohumeral instability.…”

“…However, experimental recording of glenohumeral stability requires additional recording techniques (e.g. Deutsch et al, 1996;Graichen et al 2000, Nagels et al, 2008, or can be derived by musculoskeletal shoulder model simulation (Steenbrink et al, 2009a).…”

Reliability study of the sonographic measurement of the acromiohumeral distance in symptomatic patients

“…Another problem with radiographic AHD measurement is that the AHD is affected by both patient positioning and beam direction. 6,7 Researchers have used sonography (US) to measure the AHD. [8][9][10][11][12] Real-time US enables the radiologist to dynamically look for the smallest AHD in various patient positions.…”

The natural history of the rheumatoid shoulder

“…A UMI of > 1.35 indicates that there is no migration; a UMI of 1.25 to 1.35 intermediate migration; and a UMI < 1.25 severe proximal migration. 3,18 All radiographs were scored by MS and PZ at eight years follow-up for the progression of rheumatoid disease using the Larsen score, 19 which ranges from no/ slight joint space narrowing (grade 0 to 1) through destruction of the subchondral bone (grade 3), to disappearance of original structure of the joint (grade 5) and consequently progressive medial migration of the humeral head. A standardised ultrasound of each shoulder was carried out by an independent, experienced musculoskeletal ultrasonographer to evaluate the extent of rotator cuff pathology.…”