Reliability of additional reported seizure manifestations to identify dissociative seizures

Functional seizures across the adult lifespan: female sex, delay to diagnosis and disability

“…There were no clear differences in age-associated changes between the two datasets. The full diversity of the factors, and the motivation for their inclusion, are discussed in detail in previously published manuscripts [19,29,[34][35][36].…”

Subjective distinguishability of seizure and non-seizure Déjà Vu: A case report, brief literature review, and research prospects

“…Our patient, as has been described in this important body of work, had a shift of attention ('forced attention') inward, with reminiscences that overall have been argued to represent an expansion of the content of consciousness, as his awareness was subsequently fractionally lost. In this sense, déjà vu fits into a broader conceptualization of seizure aura and subjective experience that includes other ways in which there can be a superadding of additional layers of distortions of subjective experience that can include hallucinations, reminiscences, and dissociative phenomena [54]. Studying specific subjective phenomena, as is exemplified and proposed here, has the potential to help us not only understand specific cognitive phenomena, but also the complex relationship between the content of consciousness, level of awareness, and attention.…”

Clinical MRI morphological analysis of functional seizures compared to seizure-naïve and psychiatric controls

“…Diagnoses of FS met the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria for ''documented" [71] and were based on expert clinical opinion based on the available clinical history, physical exam, VEM, structural MRI, and 18 FDG-PET. Clinical details of patients in this dataset have been published elsewhere [5][6][7]50,[72][73][74][75]. Patients with FS frequently have multiple medical and psychiatric comorbidities and over 80% were on or had been taking antiseizure medications [50].…”

“…FS also are known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) or dissociative seizures [2][3][4]. While there are distinct ictal behaviors in FS as compared to ES, patient-and witness-reporting of these behaviors can be inaccurate, and non-expert healthcare providers may struggle to differentiate the two [5][6][7][8][9]. Patients with FS frequently are misdiagnosed with epilepsy and treated ineffectively with antiseizure medications with potential adverse effects [10].…”