Reliability-Based Assessment and Cost Analysis of Power Distribution Systems at Risk of Tornado Hazard

Risk-Based Management of Electric Power Distribution Systems Subjected to Hurricane and Tornado Hazards

“…Major hazards associated with hurricanes are high winds, storm surge, and heavy rainfall which may cause inland flooding [19]. On the other hand, the United States records about 800-1,400 tornadoes per year [11]. Unlike hurricanes, tornadoes can occur at any time of the year and in any area, although some parts of US (e.g.…”

“…In this case study, a slightly simplified version of "Micropolis" virtual city discussed earlier is used and assumed to be located near Norman, Oklahoma which is one of the most tornado-prone regions in the world. More details on the city can be found in [11,13]. Similar to the hurricane case study discussed above, distribution poles are class 4 southern pine wood poles.…”

“…It can be assumed that a line fails if two adjacent poles fail within the line itself, or if any line upstream to the line fails, which can be determined using faulttree analysis because the system studied here is radial. More details on this method can be found in [11].…”

“…This cost was estimated by [22] to be $2.7/h, $886/h, and $3253/h for residential, commercial, and industrial units respectively. t l is the recovery time of the line l, and assumed equal to 25.5 h [11]. C H is the sum of both the installation cost (assumed $2500/pole) and the purchase cost (assumed $619/pole) [3,11,42].…”

“…t l is the recovery time of the line l, and assumed equal to 25.5 h [11]. C H is the sum of both the installation cost (assumed $2500/pole) and the purchase cost (assumed $619/pole) [3,11,42]. Therefore, the total cost can be calculated using Eq.…”