Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire in Older People

Abstract

Background: Activities and participation play important roles in the maintenance of healthy aging. The maintenance of these factors optimizes social life to increase the quality of life with aging. However, there is a lack of questionnaires in Turkish to evaluate activity and participation among older people. This study translated and cross-culturally adapted the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ) into Turkish and investigated its psychometric properties in the older adult population. Methods: The Turkish version of the Ox-PAQ was produced after a translation and back-translation process. The Ox-PAQ was administered to 230 and 60 individuals for construct validity and reliability analyses, respectively. To assess the test-retest reliability of the Turkish Ox-PAQ, the questionnaire was reapplied 7 days after the first interview. Cronbach's alpha (α) was used to evaluate the internal consistency. The Ox-PAQ was compared to the Short Form-12 and the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living Scale to determine its validity. Results: The Turkish Ox-PAQ showed excellent internal consistency (α=0.98) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.98, 0.96, and 0.97 for the subscales of routine activity level, social engagement, and emotional well-being, respectively). In the validity analysis, factor analysis demonstrated a probable structure of the three factors that together explained 66.35% of the total variance. The Turkish Ox-PAQ was correlated with the other comparison measures used in this study. Conclusion: The Turkish Ox-PAQ is a reliable and valid questionnaire to evaluate the participation and activity levels of older people (Clinical Trial Number: NCT04368754).

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire in People with Stroke

“…In contrast to the Turkish version of the Ox-PAQ, which showed no ceiling or floor effects [ 12 ], floor effects were found for all subscales of the Ox-PAQ-C. As the participants of the present study were a cohort of community-dwelling people with chronic stroke, it is possible that they may have developed their own compensatory strategies after their stroke to overcome difficulties in participation and activity. They may perceive only minimal difficulties in participation and activities, and thus, most of the stroke participants chose the lowest-scoring response on the Ox-PAQ items.…”

“…The EFA revealed a five-factor structure in the Ox-PAQ-C, which was different from the three-factor structure in the original Ox-PAQ [ 10 ] and the Turkish version of the Ox-PAQ [ 12 ]. Such discrepancies may be explained by differences in sample characteristics.…”

“…The Ox-PAQ-C demonstrated excellent test–retest reliability, with ICC values similar to those of the original Ox-PAQ (ICC = 0.83–0.96) [ 10 ] and the Turkish version of the Ox-PAQ (ICC = 0.96–0.98) [ 12 ]. These findings suggest that the Ox-PAQ-C precisely conveyed the same meaning and yielded consistent responses from participants of different cultures.…”

“…Such discrepancies may be explained by differences in sample characteristics. Our study included stroke participants, whereas individuals with motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease were recruited in the study of the original Ox-PAQ [ 10 ], and healthy older people were included in the study of the Turkish version of the Ox-PAQ [ 12 ]. Impairments experienced by different population groups are not the same, resulting in different perceived limitations in routine activities and social engagement.…”

“…It has also been used to assess people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ 11 ]. The instrument has been translated into Turkish [ 12 ], but it is not yet available in Chinese and has not been tested in the stroke population.…”