Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the 14-item Resilience Scale

Abstract

BackgroundIn recent years resilience has gained clinical relevance in sociological, psychological, and medical disciplines, and a lot of scales measuring resilience have been developed and have been utilized in the western countries. The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14), by describing its validity and reliability. As agreed with the authors of the original English version of the RS-14, it was translated into Italian. Then the standard procedure for back-translation was followed.MethodsIn total, 150 participants among the nursing and professional education students of the University of Insubria of Varese and health workers of the “ASST dei Sette Laghi-Ospedale di Circolo” of Varese were enrolled. The responses to the questionnaires were collected only from the students and the health workers between the ages of 18 and 65 years who gave their consent to participate in the study from April to September 2015. A subsample of 26 students and health workers was retested on the RS-14, 5 weeks after the first assessment. The questionnaires were handed out to 214 people, and 150 sets of questionnaires (70%) were returned, of which eight were subsequently removed because >60% of the answers were missing. In order to ensure anonymity, every completed questionnaire was identified only via a code.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the mean values of the resilience scores between women (76.1) and men (76.3), with unpaired t-test = −0.08 and P=0.93. Similarly, no difference between resilience scores were found between mean age group of 18–25 years (75.3) and 26–65 years (78.7), with t-test = 1.6. The overall Cronbach’s alpha of the RS-14 is 0.88, P=0.10. The RS-14 is negatively correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care Version and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire and positively correlated with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Version. The test-retest reliability, assessed on the 26 subjects 5 weeks after the first evaluation, highlighted an intraclass correlation coefficient value equal to 0.65. Factor analysis retains three factors, and it considers the factor loadings >0.40: RS-14-06 (‘I am determined’) is loaded on all the factors and RS-14-12 (‘In an emergency, I am someone people can generally rely on’) is not loaded on any factor.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the Italian RS-14 has psychometric properties with a good level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88), an adequate concurrent validity, verified by relationships with the other scales and as it was expected from literature, and an acceptable test-retest reliability.

From Resilience to Burnout: Psychological Features of Italian General Practitioners During COVID-19 Emergency

“…The respondents to RS-14 were asked to state the degree to which they agree or disagree with each item on a 7-point Likert-type scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). In this research, we adopted the Italian version ( Callegari et al, 2016 ) of this questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.89).…”

Influence of Emotional Intelligence and Burnout Syndrome on Teachers Well-Being: A Systematic Review

“…They agree that burnout syndrome is more common in professions in which people are treated (teachers, doctors, nurses, etc. ), where factors such as disinhibition, irritability, and apathy on the part of the subjects with whom they work are the causes of the development of chronic stress levels (Callegari et al 2016b).…”

“…With regard to the educational stages, various studies show that the area where teachers have the highest levels of emotional intelligence is in the area of children, who show greater satisfaction with the work done than those who teach in primary school (Callegari et al 2016b;Puertas-Molero et al 2018b). Likewise, the highest levels of stress are presented by secondary school teachers, who are characterised by low communicative and emotional capacity with the students, the continuous devaluation and the inability to control the multiple situations that occur in the classroom, which results in labour dissatisfaction (Ashraf et al 2017).…”

Fatores de estresse, sintomas depressivos, suporte social e resiliência associados ao desempenho acadêmico em estudantes de enfermagem

“…Esse ponto de corte tem sido adotado em outros estudos que utilizam a escala para rastreamento de sintomas depressivos em populações não clínicas de estudantes universitários, como em estudantes de enfermagem na China (Xu et al, 2014). (Callegari et al, 2016).…”

“…Outras pesquisas também tem evidenciado níveis elevados de resiliência entre estudantes de enfermagem (Callegari et al 2016;Chamberlain et al, 2016), o que pode indicar uma melhora da disposição, autoeficácia e melhor enfrentamento das adversidades do estudante de enfermagem (Ress et al, 2016). Ser resiliente foi associado com maior satisfação dos estudantes com sua jornada acadêmica (Walker et al, 2016).…”