Reliability and Validity of General Health Questionnaire-12 in Chinese Dental Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Zhong, Xiaogang; Jin, Xin; Li, Yan; Lu, Yang; Long, Huiqing; Wang, Jing; Wang, Hai-Yang; Liu, Yiyun; Pu, Juncai; Xie, Peng; Ji, Ping

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792838

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…A factor score is calculated by adding the item score, and values span 0–12, with higher scores indicating poorer mental health. The GHQ-12 has demonstrated both convergent validity ( r = 0.47–0.76, p < 0.05) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.89) ( Zhong et al, 2021 ). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for GHQ-12 was 0.85 in the present sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in health behaviors and conditions during COVID-19 pandemic strict campus lockdown among Chinese university students

Zhang

Lei

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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ObjectiveTo explore how a stringent campus lockdown affects the physical activity (PA), sleep and mental health of Chinese university students living in student dormitories during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsData on PA, sleep and mental health were collected between 24 March and 4 April 2022 from 2084 university students (mean age = 22.4 years, 61.1% male students) via an online questionnaire distributed by the students’ advisers of each dormitory. The Chinese short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-C), Athens Insomnia Scale (CAIS) and General Health Questionnaire 12-item (GHQ-12) were applied. The Mann–Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate the PA profile differences between genders, before and during the lockdown period and between students’ living environments. Chi-squared (χ2) or Fisher’s exact test was used to assess changes in health behaviors by gender and students’ living environment compared to before the lockdown. A mediation model was used to examine whether sleep disorder mediated the relationship between PA and mental health in different students’ living environments.ResultsParticipants reported a significant decrease in weekly total PA levels (63.9%). Mean daily sedentary time increased by 21.4% and daily lying time increased by 10.7% compared to before lockdown. Among the participants, 21.2% had experienced insomnia, and 39.0% reported having high mental distress. Female students reported 10% higher rates of sleep disorders than male students (p < 0.001), and also experienced a higher incidence of mental disorders (p < 0.001). Students living with three roommates had a larger decrease in frequencies and durations of participation in light PA than other students (p < 0.001). PA was negatively associated with sleep and mental health, and sleep disorder was a mediating factor between PA and mental health in the students living with two and three roommates.ConclusionThis study showed that strict lockdowns within university dormitories during the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the health of university students by changing their health behaviors, physical activity and sleep. Our findings indicate a need for strategies to promote an active lifestyle for students in space-limited dormitories in order to maintain health during a prolonged lockdown.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in health behaviors and conditions during COVID-19 pandemic strict campus lockdown among Chinese university students

Zhang

Lei

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…The second part was the Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire, composed of 12 items. It is widely used to assess mental health status (Zhong et al, 2021), and has also been successfully applied to Chinese civil servants, adolescents, and university students (Li et al, 2009;Ye, 2009;Liang et al, 2016). Each item is used to obtain a dichotomous score based on a conventional bimodal scoring method (0-0-1-1), rated on a 4point scale.…”

Section: Survey Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Differences in Psychological Distress Between Chinese Dentists and Dental Nurses

Zhang

Long

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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BackgroundDoctors and allied health professionals are facing serious mental health issues, which have received widespread attention. This study aimed to explore the occupational differences in psychological distress between Chinese dentists and dental nurses.Materials and MethodsThe data was collected from a cross-sectional study conducted by the Chongqing Stomatological Association. Medical personnel involved in this survey were invited to complete a battery of self-administrated questionnaires, specifically the General Health Questionnaire-12, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and career choice regret scale. Data on demographic characteristics and working conditions were also collected. The results of these questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS (version 23.0). Univariate and multivariable analyzes were conducted to explore the influencing factors.ResultsA total of 3,020 valid questionnaires, including 1,855 dentists and 1,165 dental nurses, were collected from 11 provinces of China. In general, 23.8% of responders exhibited psychological distress. The rate of dentists was 25.7%, and that of dental nurses was 20.8%. The prevalence was 4.9% higher in dentists than in dental nurses (P < 0.05). The multivariable analysis showed that factors associated with psychological distress for dentists were lower income, burnout, high job stress, career-choice regret, and lack of sufficient personal time, and that for dental nurses were age, lower income, longer working hours per week, burnout, high job stress, low job satisfaction, lack of sufficient personal time, and poor medical environment.ConclusionThe prevalence of psychological distress was relatively high among dental medical staff, and dentists showed a higher prevalence than dental nurses. Nurses have more risk factors for psychological distress than dentists. These results indicate that it is necessary to monitor the mental health status of dental medical staff and implement accurate strategies for dentists and dental nurses to promote their physical and mental health.

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“…Since the beginning of the pandemic, this is the first attempt to develop a validated instrument to wholistically assess the impact of COVID‐19 responses on healthcare providers in the Nigerian population. Previous tools that assessed the impacts of the pandemic either narrowed their scopes to psychological impacts on the general population (Kalanidhi et al, 2021 ), or sampled healthcare providers from other regions who shared different sociocultural background from Nigeria (Talaee et al, 2022 ; Zhong et al, 2021 ). Nigeria as a low income country is threatened by various infrastructural inadequacies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results from previous studies also support this finding. Earlier study that assessed the validity and reliability of general health questionnaire on Chinese healthcare workers during COVID‐19 found the Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.892 (Zhong et al, 2021 ). Similarly, a study that validated the fear of COVID‐19 scale (Ahorsu et al, 2020 ) and two other separate studies that respectively evaluated the validities and reliabilities of the tools for assessment of physical and psychological impacts of COVID‐19 (de Sá‐Caputo et al, 2020 ) and stress and burnout in healthcare workers during COVID‐19 pandemic (Talaee et al, 2022 ) reported a similar range of Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.80 to 0.89.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The paucity of instruments that could wholistically assess the diversity and level of social, economic, and behavioral changes among frontline healthcare providers in response to COVID‐19 pandemic remains a serious shortcoming in the strategies for COVID‐19 prevention. Previous tools that assessed the impacts of the pandemic either narrowed its scope to psychological impacts on the general population (Greenfield et al, 2020 ; Kalanidhi et al, 2021 ), or sampled healthcare providers from other regions who shared different sociocultural backgrounds from Nigeria (Talaee et al, 2022 ; Zhong et al, 2021 ). This paper aims to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess the behavioral, social and economic impacts of COVID‐19 responses among frontline healthcare providers in Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavior, social and economic impact of COVID‐19 responses among healthcare professionals: Development and validation of COVID‐19 Responses Impact Questionnaire (COVRiQ)

Okpua

Hami

Edeogu

et al. 2022

Nursing & Health Sciences

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As the world goes through the fourth wave and the continued emergence of new COVID‐19 variants, the general and work‐related risks of healthcare professionals are expected to rise. This has the capacity to adversely affect productivity and efficiency in the healthcare delivery system, particularly in this era of global shortage of trained healthcare professionals. We aimed to develop and validate a new instrument known as the COVID‐19 Responses Impact Questionnaire (COVRiQ) to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the healthcare professionals managing the COVID‐19 pandemic. This methodological study involved three steps: the formulation of the COVRiQ draft, content and face validation, and construct validity. A total of 61 questions were drafted with 3‐point Likert scale answers. From the list, 39 were rated valid by a panel of experts and subsequently tested on 301 participants. The results were analyzed and validated using exploratory factor analysis on SPSS. Components were extracted and questions with low factor loading were removed. The internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha. Following analysis, three components were extracted and named as behavioral, social, and economic impacts. In general, 29 items were deleted leaving 32 out of 61 questions retained as the final validated COVRiQ. Internal consistency showed high reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 0.91. Participants scored a total cumulative mean of 118.74 marks. A subanalysis by occupation showed that medical assistants scored the lowest in the group with a score of 22.3% whereas medical specialists scored the highest at 77.7%. Higher score indicates higher impact of COVID‐19 responses among healthcare professionals. The new COVRiQ consisting of 32 items demonstrated to be user friendly with good psychometric properties and valid for assessing the impacts of COVID‐19 responses among healthcare professionals.

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Reliability and Validity of General Health Questionnaire-12 in Chinese Dental Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

Changes in health behaviors and conditions during COVID-19 pandemic strict campus lockdown among Chinese university students

Changes in health behaviors and conditions during COVID-19 pandemic strict campus lockdown among Chinese university students

Occupational Differences in Psychological Distress Between Chinese Dentists and Dental Nurses

Behavior, social and economic impact of COVID‐19 responses among healthcare professionals: Development and validation of COVID‐19 Responses Impact Questionnaire (COVRiQ)

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