Reliability and Safety Assessment of Automated Driving Systems: Review and Preview

Risk Assessment and Enhancement Suggestions for Automated Driving Systems through Examining Testing Collision and Disengagement Reports

“…For example, the key factors for the communication type include cybersecurity, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), intelligent transport systems (ITSs), and roadway geometric layouts. Scenario simulations and empirical road tests are the current ways of verifying their reliability and quality [18,32,48].…”

“…Terefore, we can summarize these studies into eight potential ADS risk factors. Tey are (1) hardware/ADAS issues, (2) system and software diferences, (3) planning issues, (4) perception issues, (5) environmental conditions, (6) unexpected behavior of other road users, (7) control variance, and ( 8) others [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Regrettably, these studies did not cover the impact of technological advances on the data's variability, nor did they detail the systematic classifcation methods used.…”

“…Most of the existing safety research literature based on the California DMV AVT program has derived the ADS safety factors or their root causes through proportions by grouping and calculating their disengagement or collision data directly according to the authors' subjective induction [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, these practices may contain some faws.…”

“…Tird, we have summarized eight potential ADS risk factors based on the current research literature on California DMV AVT safety. Tey are (1) hardware/advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) issues, (2) system and software discrepancies, (3) planning issues, (4) perception issues, (5) environmental conditions, (6) undesired behavior of other road users, (7) control discrepancies, and ( 8) others [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Such classifcation results are difcult for ADS software developers to judge and fnd the issue locations of their software program modules.…”

Responsiveness and Precision of Digital IMUs under Linear and Curvilinear Motion Conditions for Local Navigation and Positioning in Advanced Smart Mobility

“…Nevertheless, there is still a lack of technical standardization for IMU MEMS-based sensors [25,26] to supply a full metrological characterization, a quantification of reliability, and an adequate performance compliance assessment, resulting in an overall loss of safety and reliability of the systems through which these sensors are exploited. Despite the huge technical and scientific literature issued in the past decades related to the mechanical testing of automotive IMUs in many different working conditions (for a comprehensive survey, readers can rely on [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] and related references), fewer studies are available on metrological approaches (in controlled standard laboratory conditions) and interlaboratory comparisons to validate experimental procedures, evidence, and results [35][36][37]. The importance of providing suitable test procedures under controlled laboratory conditions, based on repeatable and reproducible methods, is supposed to be a fundamental basis for the development of ad hoc standards, as well as a reference for the realization of new calibration and test systems linking primary laboratories (National Metrology Institutes) to the metrological chain, as well as accredited calibration laboratories to repair workshops for cars for the implementation of periodic control systems on-site.…”