Reliability and Dimensionality of EPREVO (“Experiencias de Parto Relacionadas a Violencia Obstétrica”): Development of a New Instrument, Ecuador

Abstract

Background A new instrument called EPREVO has been developed to measure obstetric violence in Ecuador and the objective of this work is to validate its reliability and structural dimensionality. Methods Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a tetrachoric correlation approach. We examined the factor structure of EPREVO, a Spanish instrument to measure obstetric violence. Kuder Richardson values were used to assess the internal consistency of the scale and dimensionality was confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis. Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported a 3-factor solution. Most item-to-factor-correlations presented moderate to strong magnitude. Total Kuder Richardson was 0.87, while for the three factors were 0.23, 0.47 and 0.94, respectively. The model’s goodness-of-fit indexes were satisfactory (χ2 = 1458.83; χ2/g.l = 2.60, p < 0.001; NNFI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.09); most of the factor loads were greater than 0.30. A confirmatory factor analysis suggested a 3-dimensional structure of EPREVO. Conclusion The scale’s factor structure presented satisfactory validity and reliability results, except for one factor. The 30 items scale could potentially be used as an instrument for assessing obstetric violence in different healthcare settings.

Unveiling the intersection: exploring obstetric violence in the Era of COVID-19 in Ecuador

“…The present study analyzed the level of obstetric violence in Ecuador before and during COVID-19 pandemic. To do so, an online survey was used to measure the level of Obstetric Violence (OV) referred by the participant women using EPREVO instrument [ 17 ]. Obstetric violence is a human rights violation and a serious public health issue that manifests as careless, reckless, omitting, discriminatory, and disrespectful behavior on the part of medical professionals, which is made acceptable by the power relations that normalize and minimize its occurrence [ 6 ].…”

“…Women completed EPREVO questionnaire. EPREVO was designed and validated by a group of experts from Universidad de Las Américas [ 17 ]. EPREVO has 30 items and it took 30 min to complete.…”

“…The second domain is Right to information measuring the rights of the women to have information about all the procedures that are carried out with her or her baby (9 items) a the third is Right to presence/Supportive care: This factor measures the woman’s right to be accompanied during labor, birth and postpartum. And the right of both (mother and newborn) to have immediate attachment after birth without complications (8 items) [ 17 ].…”

Path analysis of the influence of obstetric violence on the postpartum quality of life: the mediating role of psychological factors Running title: obstetric violence and the postpartum quality of life

“…The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) is a 20-item self-report questionnaire based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for assessing the severity of PTSD symptoms over the past month. This scale contains four subscales: re-experiencing (items 1-5), avoidance (items 6-7), negative alterations in cognition/mood (items 8-14), and alterations in arousal and reactivity (items [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The respondent rated each question on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely), and the nal score is normally between 0 and 80.…”

“…This instrument was developed by Kirsten Falcon et al in Ecuador to determine the criteria for obstetric violence (20). This scale contains 35 questions and is scored on a two-level scale (yes = 1, and no = 0).…”