Reliability and Criterion Validity of a Novel Clinical Test of Simple and Complex Reaction Time in Athletes

Eckner, James T.; Richardson, James K.; Kim, Hogene; Joshi, Monica S.; Oh, Youkeun K.; Ashton‐Miller, James A.

doi:10.2466/25.15.pms.120v19x6

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Reaction time (ms), calculated from the distance fallen, was extracted and evaluated. One study found good test–retest reliability (ICCs>0.7) across two testing sessions separated by 1 week 52. This test–retest interval does not always mimic clinical practice as the time between a baseline assessment and injury is typically much longer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What tests and measures should be added to the SCAT3 and related tests to improve their reliability, sensitivity and/or specificity in sideline concussion diagnosis? A systematic review

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives Several iterations of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) have been published over the past 16 years. Our goal was to systematically review the literature related to the SCAT and provide recommendations for improving the tool. To achieve this goal, five separate but related searches were conducted and presented herein. Design Systematic literature review. Data sources Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SPORTDiscus and PubMed. Eligibility criteria Original, empirical, peer-reviewed findings published in English and included sports-related concussion (SRC). Review papers, case studies, editorials and conference proceedings/abstracts were excluded. The age range for the ChildSCAT was 5-12 years and for the Adult SCAT was 13 years and above. Results Out of 2961 articles screened, a total of 96 articles were included across the five searches. Searches were not mutually exclusive. The final number of articles included in the qualitative synthesis for each search was 21 on Adult SCAT, 32 on ChildSCAT, 21 on sideline, 8 on video/observation and 14 on oculomotor. Summary/conclusions The SCAT is the most widely accepted and deployable sport concussion assessment and screening tool currently available. There is some degree of support for using the SCAT2/SCAT3 and ChildSCAT3 in the evaluation of SRC, with and without baseline data. The addition of an oculomotor examination seems indicated, although the most valid method for assessing oculomotor function is not clear. Video-observable signs of concussion show promise, but there is insufficient evidence to warrant widespread use at this time. InTRODuCTIOnThe Concussion In Sport Group (CISG) introduced the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) 1 to provide a multifaceted standardised assessment of concussion. The SCAT combined previously separate subcomponents of a clinical evaluation, for example, symptoms (graded symptom checklist), cognitive function (five-word immediate recall/ delayed recall), the modified Maddocks questions 2 and neurological screening, in one tool. The SCAT was revised as an instrument to be used by medical professionals and was renamed to SCAT2. 3 The revision was based on a review of the empirical literature, which added the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) )4 , a cognitive test (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, SAC 5 6 ) and a measure of balance (modified Balance Error Scoring System, 7 mBESS). The SCAT2 was revised as the SCAT3 in 2013, 8 and a new tool for children (under 13) was developed, the ChildSCAT3. The SCAT3 included physical or objective signs of concussion in addition to loss of consciousness (LOC) and balance problems, added a foam condition to the BESS, and included a 'concussion injury advice' section. 9This study presents the results of a systematic review of the scientific literature assessing the utility of the SCAT3 and sets forth recommendations for improving the tool. MATERIAlS AnD METhODSThe searc...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What tests and measures should be added to the SCAT3 and related tests to improve their reliability, sensitivity and/or specificity in sideline concussion diagnosis? A systematic review

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Eckner et al, 2015). More recently, investigators have recognized that reaction time variability is a better indicator for cognitive function than reaction time alone, suggesting that it is much more sensitive to neurological disorders such as concussion(Cole et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of different modalities of reaction time testing: Implications for online cognitive assessment tools

Holden

Francisco

Lensch

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reaction time testing is widely used in computerized cognitive assessments, and clinical studies have repeatedly shown it to be a sensitive indicator of cognitive function. Typically, the reaction time test is administered by presenting a subject with a visual stimulus on a computer monitor and prompting the individual to respond (via keypad or computer mouse) as quickly as possible. The individual's reaction time is calculated as the interval between presentation of the stimulus and the time recorded from the mechanical response. However, there are many inherent latencies and variabilities that may be introduced to the measure by both hardware (computer monitor and mouse) and software (operating system). Because of these delays, we hypothesized that a comparison of hardware protocols (excluding human response) would demonstrate significant differences in the resulting reaction time measures. To simulate the delays of various components of the common systems used to obtain reaction time, we conducted a simple experiment in which either a visual or tactile stimulus evoked a movement from a mechanical transducer to respond to a computer peripheral or a dedicated response device. In the first condition, a simulated visual reaction time test was conducted by flashing a visual stimulus on a computer monitor. The stimulus was detected by a dedicated light sensor, and a linear actuator delivered the mechanical response via computer mouse. The second test condition employed a mobile device as the medium for the visual stimulus, and the mechanical response was delivered to the mobile device's touchscreen. The third and fourth test conditions simulated tactile reaction time tests in which the stimulus was generated by a dedicated hardware device. The third condition simulated a tactile stimulus, which was detected by a mechanical switch, and again a hardware device delivered the response via computer mouse. The fourth condition also simulated a tactile stimulus, but the response was delivered by a dedicated hardware device designed to store the interval between stimulus delivery and stimulus response. There were significant differences in the range of responses recorded from the four different conditions with the reaction time collected from a visual stimulus on a mobile device being the worst and the device of 1 21 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Citation: Holden J, Francisco E, Lensch R, Tommerdahl A, Kirsch B, Zai L, Dennis R, Tommerdahl M (2019) Accuracy of different modalities of reaction time testing: Implications for online cognitive assessment tools.

show abstract

“…14 The reaction-time test has also been shown to remain stable during acute exercise 77 and provide acceptable reliability. 78 Additional investigations of the sideline reaction-time test to evaluate concussion are needed.…”

Section: Additional Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Evaluation of the Concussed Athlete: A View From the Sideline

Putukian

2017

Journal of Athletic Training

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The sideline assessment of sport-related concussion is challenging given the elusiveness and variability of presentation, reliance on athlete-reported symptoms, and the varying specificity and sensitivity values of sideline assessment tools. In addition, the recognition of injury and assessment often occur in a time-pressured environment, requiring rapid disposition and decision making. Clinicians should begin the evaluation by assessing for cervical spine injury, intracranial bleeding, and other injuries that can present in a similar fashion or in addition to concussion. The sideline concussion evaluation should consist of a symptom assessment and a neurologic examination that addresses cognition (briefly), cranial nerve function, and balance. Emerging tools that assess visual tracking may provide additional information. The sensitivity and specificity of commonly implemented sideline assessment tools are generally good to very good, especially for symptom scores and cognitive evaluations performed within 48 hours of injury, and they are improved when a baseline evaluation is available for comparison. Serial assessments are often necessary as objective signs and symptoms may be delayed. A standardized assessment is paramount in evaluating the athlete with a suspected concussion, but there is no replacement for being familiar with the athlete and using clinical judgment when the athlete seems "not right" despite a "normal" sideline assessment. Ultimately, the clinician should err on the side of caution when making a return-to-play decision.

show abstract

Reliability and Criterion Validity of a Novel Clinical Test of Simple and Complex Reaction Time in Athletes

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

What tests and measures should be added to the SCAT3 and related tests to improve their reliability, sensitivity and/or specificity in sideline concussion diagnosis? A systematic review

What tests and measures should be added to the SCAT3 and related tests to improve their reliability, sensitivity and/or specificity in sideline concussion diagnosis? A systematic review

Accuracy of different modalities of reaction time testing: Implications for online cognitive assessment tools

Clinical Evaluation of the Concussed Athlete: A View From the Sideline

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About