Relevance of trichothecenes in fungal physiology: Disruption of tri5 in Trichoderma arundinaceum

Malmierca, Mónica G.; Cardoza, Rosa E.; Alexander, Nancy J.; McCormick, Susan P.; Collado, Isidro González; Hermosa, Rosa; Monte, Enrique; Gutiérrez, Santiago

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.02.001

Cited by 92 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These Trichoderma spp. can exert their biocontrol activities through different mechanisms, such as mycoparasitism (Monteiro and Ulhoa, 2006; Almeida et al, 2007), the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (Benítez et al, 2004; Monteiro et al, 2010), the expression of proteins involved in the competition for nutrients which provide a nutritional advantage (Elad, 2000), and the production of secondary metabolites with antifungal activity (Rubio et al, 2009; Cardoza et al, 2011; Tijerino et al, 2011; Malmierca et al, 2012, 2013, 2015). Moreover, some Trichoderma spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Several Trichoderma spp. are well known for their ability to: (i) act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi; (ii) function as biofertilizers; (iii) increase the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses; and (iv) induce plant defense responses via the production and secretion of elicitor molecules. In this study, we analyzed the gene-regulation effects of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 protein during the interactions of mutant Δepl-1 or wild-type T. harzianum strains with: (a) the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea and (b) with tomato plants, on short (24 h hydroponic cultures) and long periods (4-weeks old plants) after Trichoderma inoculation. Our results indicate that T. harzianum Epl-1 protein affects the in vitro expression of B. cinerea virulence genes, especially those involved in the botrydial biosynthesis (BcBOT genes), during the mycoparasitism interaction. The tomato defense-related genes were also affected, indicating that Epl-1 is involved in the elicitation of the salicylic acid pathway. Moreover, Epl-1 also regulates the priming effect in host tomato plants and contributes to enhance the interaction with the host tomato plant during the early stage of root colonization.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent evidences indicated the importance of the sterol biosynthetic pathway in inducing plant defense-related gene expression in both the antagonistic fungus and the plant (Cardoza et al 2011; Malmierca et al 2013; Cardoza et al 2014). The structural and functional analysis of genes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol especially intermediates, such as squalene could provide additional strategies to improve the ability of biocontrol of the Trichoderma strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of antifungal Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of Trichoderma isolates with efficient antagonistic activity represents a potentially effective and alternative disease management strategy to replace health hazardous chemical control. In this context, twenty isolates were obtained from tomato rhizosphere and evaluated by their antagonistic activity against four fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizoctonia solani). The production of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes of tested isolates was also measured. All the isolates significantly reduced the mycelial growth of tested pathogens but the amount of growth reduction varied significantly as well. There was a positive correlation between the antagonistic capacity of Trichoderma isolates towards fungal pathogens and their lytic enzyme production. The Trichoderma isolates were initially sorted according to morphology and based on the translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequence similarity, the isolates were designated as Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. viride. PCA analysis explained 31.53, 61.95, 62.22 and 60.25% genetic variation among Trichoderma isolates based on RAPD, REP-, ERIC- and BOX element analysis, respectively. ERG-1 gene, encoding a squalene epoxidase has been used for the first time for diversity analysis of antagonistic Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere. Phylogenetic analysis of ERG-1 gene sequences revealed close relatedness of ERG-1sequences with earlier reported sequences of Hypocrea lixii, T. arundinaceum and T. reesei. However, ERG-1 gene also showed heterogeneity among some antagonistic isolates and indicated the possibility of occurrence of squalene epoxidase driven triterpene biosynthesis as an alternative biocontrol mechanism in Trichoderma species.

show abstract

“…These mutants also showed a decrease in the ability to induce the expression of tomato defense-related genes. The results of these studies led to the conclusion that HA plays an important function in the sensitization of Trichoderma-pretreated plants to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (10,19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum

Cardoza

McCormick

Malmierca

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

dTrichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.A number of Trichoderma species are known for the ability to act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi (1, 2). Trichoderma species are able to act as biofertilizers, to induce plant defense responses, and to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses (3, 4). Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum also produce trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid compounds which are harmful to plants and to the animals which consume contaminated food or feed stocks. Several studies on the structure-activity relationships of Fusarium trichothecene toxins in alga, plant, and animal models (5-7) indicate that certain Fusarium trichothecenes and intermediates have different toxic effects. Using an Arabidopsis leaf assay, Desjardins and coworkers found that toxicity varied Ͼ200-fold between different trichothecene compounds, while trichodiene (TD), a hydrocarbon precursor, was not phytotoxic (6).Biosynthesis of trichothecenes starts with the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by the terpene cyclase trichodiene synthase encoded by tri5 (8), to produce TD. In Trichoderma, TD is then oxygenated at C-2, C-11, and C-13 by a P450 monooxygenase encoded by tri4 (9, 10) to give the intermediate isotrichodiol, which is nonenzymatically converted to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT). The oxygenation of these three carbons is a characteristic that Trichoderma...

show abstract

Relevance of trichothecenes in fungal physiology: Disruption of tri5 in Trichoderma arundinaceum

Cited by 92 publications

References 33 publications

Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes

Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes

Identification, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of antifungal Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere

Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About