Release of graphene-related materials from epoxy-based composites: characterization, quantification and hazard assessment in vitro

Abstract

We measured the cytotoxicity of pristine GRMs and the abraded particles from epoxy/GRM composites, which indicated low risks to consumers of such composites.

Atmospheric dispersion of chemical, biological, and radiological hazardous pollutants: Informing risk assessment for public safety

“…Experimental studies based on animal models (e.g., mice, ferrets, and monkeys) are usually conducted to develop a dose-response relationship because it is normally unethical to challenge human beings with harmful pathogens. Toxicology studies have also been conducted in vitro to investigate the toxicity and cellular response to hazardous substances [373][374][375][376][377] , and have been widely adopted to evaluate the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues of emerging materials [378] .…”

Enhancement of vibrational characteristics of rotating CFRP composite tapered plates reinforced by graphene nanoparticles

“…Aggregation of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) acts as a point of stress riser that decreases mechanical properties 7 . Netkueakul et al 8 reported that increasing graphene in epoxy decreased particle aberration that decreased further with a decrease in filler particle surface area. With a higher hydrophilicity and the formation of hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of GO and epoxy, this leads to better dispersion, stronger bonding and abrasion resistance.…”

Nanosafety Analysis of Graphene-Based Polyester Resin Composites on a Life Cycle Perspective

“…The release of graphene particles during the manufacture, use, and end-of-life may reach the environment, including the atmosphere, and aquatic or terrestrial compartments, where the variety of target species and physical chemical factors creates a complex challenge. In fact, some studies have shown evidence of the potential effects of graphene-related materials on aquatic and terrestrial organisms [7,8]. In general, there are still large knowledge gaps with respect to graphene's environmental and toxicological effects [9,10]; the (eco)toxicological information than can be extracted from the few developed studies is not adequate to be applicable to real case scenarios in which consumers use graphene-related polymer composites as components of final products.…”

“…As mentioned above, the evaluation of the activities with a potential release of nanomaterials is important in order to establish control and safety measures to prevent exposure to nanomaterial particles of workers, consumers, and any person who may been in contact with these materials during their life cycle. Generally, the steps in the life cycle of nano-enabled products are divide as follows: (1) material extraction, (2) synthesis of the ENM, (3) nanocomposite production, (4) product manufacturing, (5) use, (6) end of life, and (7) recycling [17].…”