“…The actual concentration of chlorine generally increased in both the food waste compost and feedstuff as the pyrolysis time increased. The chlorine contents of the compost showed a similar trend to that of torrefied rice straw by Chen et al [14]. Compost has a lower chlorine content than feedstuff, as the compost is diluted during the washing process (water is added to the food waste to remove salt), and sawdust is added as a moisture-controlling agent.…”
Section: Changes In the Structuralized Characteristics According To The Pyrolysis Conditionssupporting
confidence: 65%
“…Chen et al [12] studied the behavior of chlorine in rice straw and showed that chlorine in the form of potassium chloride could be volatilized to hydrogen chloride after reacting with carboxyl groups. In addition, some researchers have investigated the volatilization of potassium chloride in woody biomass under pyrolysis or torrefaction conditions [13][14][15]. Nevertheless, there are no similar studies on sodium chloride in food waste.…”
Food waste is an underutilized organic resource given its abundance and high potential energy. The purpose of this study was to confirm the suitability of pyrolyzed food waste as a co-firing fuel by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature (300–500 °C) and retention time (15–60 min). Both high moisture (compost) and low moisture (feedstuff) food waste were examined. Increasing the temperature and retention time yielded more volatile H and O as well as C sequestration, resulting in reduced H/C and O/C ratios. Notably, the van Krevelen diagram increased in similarity to that of coal. Upon pyrolyzing food waste compost, more than half of the chloride was volatilized, the highest carbon content of the compost and feedstuff were 61.35% and 54.12%, respectively, after pyrolysis at 400 °C for 60 min; however, the calorific value of the pyrolyzed feedstuff was reduced owing to the high salt concentration. The pyrolyzed compost and feedstuff had high Ca contents, which contributed to an increased ash fusion temperature. Therefore, food waste byproducts are advantageous as co-firing fuels in terms of energy regeneration. Nevertheless, further research is required regarding the removal of salt and alkali earth metal ion materials.
“…The actual concentration of chlorine generally increased in both the food waste compost and feedstuff as the pyrolysis time increased. The chlorine contents of the compost showed a similar trend to that of torrefied rice straw by Chen et al [14]. Compost has a lower chlorine content than feedstuff, as the compost is diluted during the washing process (water is added to the food waste to remove salt), and sawdust is added as a moisture-controlling agent.…”
Section: Changes In the Structuralized Characteristics According To The Pyrolysis Conditionssupporting
confidence: 65%
“…Chen et al [12] studied the behavior of chlorine in rice straw and showed that chlorine in the form of potassium chloride could be volatilized to hydrogen chloride after reacting with carboxyl groups. In addition, some researchers have investigated the volatilization of potassium chloride in woody biomass under pyrolysis or torrefaction conditions [13][14][15]. Nevertheless, there are no similar studies on sodium chloride in food waste.…”
Food waste is an underutilized organic resource given its abundance and high potential energy. The purpose of this study was to confirm the suitability of pyrolyzed food waste as a co-firing fuel by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature (300–500 °C) and retention time (15–60 min). Both high moisture (compost) and low moisture (feedstuff) food waste were examined. Increasing the temperature and retention time yielded more volatile H and O as well as C sequestration, resulting in reduced H/C and O/C ratios. Notably, the van Krevelen diagram increased in similarity to that of coal. Upon pyrolyzing food waste compost, more than half of the chloride was volatilized, the highest carbon content of the compost and feedstuff were 61.35% and 54.12%, respectively, after pyrolysis at 400 °C for 60 min; however, the calorific value of the pyrolyzed feedstuff was reduced owing to the high salt concentration. The pyrolyzed compost and feedstuff had high Ca contents, which contributed to an increased ash fusion temperature. Therefore, food waste byproducts are advantageous as co-firing fuels in terms of energy regeneration. Nevertheless, further research is required regarding the removal of salt and alkali earth metal ion materials.
“…The mass loss experienced during the torrefaction step depends on the torrefaction conditions (final temperature, heating rate, and holding time). Furthermore, the reduction of O/C and H/C ratios can make torrefied CG a candidate in the production of syngas. − Thus, torrefaction is a promising process to enhance the performance of biomass and wastes for renewable energy applications. The use of CG, which is a widely available, low price, and nontoxic agro-industrial byproduct, as possible reinforcing filler or additive can constitute a way for its valorization .…”
The
present study has revealed that torrefied coffee grounds (CG)
derived from agriculture commodities can be used as bioreinforcing
agent for biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)
(PBAT) without requiring a compatibilizer. The optimum torrefaction
operation was achieved in order to increase the hydrophobicity of
CG. The raw CG was also used as a reference to assess the effect of
the torrefaction operation. The structure and morphology of the composites
were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), respectively. The effect of the addition of raw or torrefied
CG on the melting temperature and crystallinity of PBAT biocomposites
was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A significant
enhancement in the thermo-mechanical properties for PBAT/torrefied
CG composites was observed compared to PBAT/CG composites. Moreover,
the hydrophobicity of PBAT composites which was determined by water
contact angle was improved when torrefied biomass was added. The thermal
stability of the investigated samples was analyzed by thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) and a kinetic model was proposed to describe the thermal
degradation of raw CG, torrefied CG, PBAT, and their filled composites.
The obtained results for these solvent-free prepared biocomposites
show that they can be potential candidates for food packaging applications.
HIGHLIGHTS • S-doped porous carbons (SCs) derived from conjugated microporous polymers were synthesized for Na-ion batteries. • The SCs exhibited a high capacity of 440 mAh g −1 at 50 mA g −1 and excellent cycling performance. • Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the SCs.
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