Relayer-Enabled Retransmission Scheduling in 802.15.4e LLDN—Exploring a Reinforcement Learning Approach

Abstract

Abstract:We consider the scheduling of retransmissions in the low-latency deterministic network (LLDN) extension to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. We propose a number of retransmission schemes with varying degrees of required changes to the LLDN specification. In particular, we propose a retransmission scheme that uses cooperative relayers and where the best relayer for a source node is learned using a reinforcement-learning method. The method allows for adapting relayer selections in the face of time-varying channels. Our results show that the relayer-based methods achieve a much better reliability over the other methods, both over static (but unknown) and over time-varying channels.

Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Cognitive Sensing in Future IoT: State-of-the-Art, Potentials, and Challenges

“…In CS tasks, RL is used to solve planning, control, optimization, and learning-related problems e.g., retransmission scheduling in 802.15.4e LLDN [143], intrusion detection system [144], self-learning power control [145], power consumption scheduling in an EH IoT node [146,147], sampling rate configuration of EH sensors [148].…”

Special Issue: Quality of Service in Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks and Systems

“…Papers cover a wide range of topics, namely the optimization of retransmission scheduling in IEEE 802.15.4e WSANs [1], an experimental evaluation of LoRa reliability [2], the estimation of WSAN lifetime based on innovative battery models [3], a novel radio interference classification method for WSANs [4], a dynamic QoS-aware MAC that can be boosted for long-range communications [5], an RSSI-based model-learning for target localization/tracking [6], using sensor network calculus for designing WSANs with predictable e2e delays [7], and decision-centric WSAN resource management [8]. A brief summary of each paper is provided here.…”

“…The first paper to be published in this special issue, [1], investigates how the reliability of Industrial WSANs based on the IEEE 802.15.4e LLDN (low-latency deterministic network) protocol can be increased. The authors explore the inherent characteristics of the protocol to reschedule predetermined retransmission slots in a clever way, improving the reliability of uplink (sensor nodes -> coordinator) traffic and maximizing the probability of correct packet delivery.…”

Design and Analysis of a Low Latency Deterministic Network MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…However, the work did not consider retransmissions within the current superframe. To enhance the reliability of the LLDN networks, the authors in [ 21 ] propose one retransmission scheme for the time-varying channels by choosing the best relay node through the reinforcement-learning method. A new MAC protocol is proposed in [ 22 ] to minimize the energy consumption in WSN, where the authors have not considered the transmission failure due to the channel error.…”