“…The f RS can be adjusted by adjusting the gap length S y . To further increase the center bandwidth, the patch width can be increased to reduce f 1/2,2 Xu et al, 2023a;Fang et al, 2023). Make it close to f 3/2,0 and f RS , and simultaneously correct other parameters of the antenna, such as the size of the short-circuit pin and the position of the gap, etc., so that TM 1/2,0 , TM 3/2,0 , TM RS and TM 1/2,2 four modes are close to each other, further broadening the bandwidth.…”
Section: Implementation and Analysis Of Four-mode Microstrip Antennamentioning
Introduction: The simplicity of integration and co-type features of microstrip antennas make them intriguing for a broad variety of applications, particularly with the growing usage of mmWave bands in wireless communications and the constant rise in data transfer in communication situations.Method: This paper proposes a novel design of micrstrip patch antenna for mmWave B5G communication. The main idea is to realize four-mode antenna the operates in four different frequencies. The geometry is rectangular patch whose resonance frequency is adjusted by varying the walls and pins of the structure.Results: Simulation results show that the proposed antenna design has improved fractional bandwidth and performance as compared with existing antennas.Discussion: The observed curve indicates that, in agreement with the modeling findings, there are four resonance spots in the operational frequency region of 2.5–3.4 GHz: 2.68 GHz, 2.9 GHz, 3.05 GHz, and 3.3 GHz, which correspond to TM1/2,0, TM3/2,0, and TMRS, respectively, and TM1/2,2 four resonant modes, within the frequency range, the observed antenna gain peak is around 9 dBi, which is consistent with the measured results.
“…The f RS can be adjusted by adjusting the gap length S y . To further increase the center bandwidth, the patch width can be increased to reduce f 1/2,2 Xu et al, 2023a;Fang et al, 2023). Make it close to f 3/2,0 and f RS , and simultaneously correct other parameters of the antenna, such as the size of the short-circuit pin and the position of the gap, etc., so that TM 1/2,0 , TM 3/2,0 , TM RS and TM 1/2,2 four modes are close to each other, further broadening the bandwidth.…”
Section: Implementation and Analysis Of Four-mode Microstrip Antennamentioning
Introduction: The simplicity of integration and co-type features of microstrip antennas make them intriguing for a broad variety of applications, particularly with the growing usage of mmWave bands in wireless communications and the constant rise in data transfer in communication situations.Method: This paper proposes a novel design of micrstrip patch antenna for mmWave B5G communication. The main idea is to realize four-mode antenna the operates in four different frequencies. The geometry is rectangular patch whose resonance frequency is adjusted by varying the walls and pins of the structure.Results: Simulation results show that the proposed antenna design has improved fractional bandwidth and performance as compared with existing antennas.Discussion: The observed curve indicates that, in agreement with the modeling findings, there are four resonance spots in the operational frequency region of 2.5–3.4 GHz: 2.68 GHz, 2.9 GHz, 3.05 GHz, and 3.3 GHz, which correspond to TM1/2,0, TM3/2,0, and TMRS, respectively, and TM1/2,2 four resonant modes, within the frequency range, the observed antenna gain peak is around 9 dBi, which is consistent with the measured results.
“…Cloud servers can process large-scale location data, and the results of these cluster location data analyses can facilitate the development of more targeted emergency strategies in response to natural disasters. With the support of a large amount of data, the study of human activities on a larger scale will be of greater significance for urban and rural planning, population distribution, socio-economic indicators, and other aspects [24,25].…”
Section: Principles Of Smartphone Location Big Datamentioning
Smartphone location data provide the most direct field disaster distribution data with low cost and high coverage. The large-scale continuous sampling of mobile device location data provides a new way to estimate the distribution of disasters with high temporal–spatial resolution. On September 5, 2022, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Luding County, Sichuan Province, China. We quantitatively analyzed the Ms 6.8 earthquake from both temporal and geographic dimensions by combining 1,806,100 smartphone location records and 4,856 spatial grid locations collected through communication big data with the smartphone data under 24-hour continuous positioning. In this study, the deviation of multidimensional mobile terminal location data is estimated, and a methodology to estimate the distribution of out-of-service communication base stations in the disaster area by excluding micro error data users is explored. Finally, the mathematical relationship between the seismic intensity and the corresponding out-of-service rate of communication base stations is established, which provides a new technical concept and means for the rapid assessment of post-earthquake disaster distribution.
“…The pilot spacing is the major issue to be considered for its influence on the spectral efficiency of the system in connection to the accuracy of the CFRs of UEs over the frequency-selective fading channels 14 . Figure 1 Different delay spread users in various channel situation scenarios.…”
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system applies coherent demodulation to achieve high spectral efficiency at a bandwidth cost by the pilot tones. Considering the statistical property of the down-link channels to the users, it can be found that there is an opportunity to reduce the pilot number in the conventional designs while maintaining the same signal demodulation performances. The design philosophy involves utilizing the difference of the channel coherent bandwidths (CCBs) by allocating data to appropriate positions upon the fact that different CCBs can tolerate different minimized pilot spacing. The proposed design allows each user’s equipment’s data not to exceed its CCB with the sparser pilots. The theoretical analysis is carried out based on the concept of channel frequency response using linear interpolation with channel estimation employing the least squares (LS) method. The gain of the proposed method is demonstrated in terms of the ergodic capacities and confirmed by the simulations.
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