“…By detecting the optical signals, SHG can be used to study the symmetry of non-centrosymmetric structures, [87] which manifest the removal of an inversion center due to the macroscopic discontinuities or microscopic symmetry breaking, [88][89][90] such as the sample surface, [83,91,92] the interfaces within heterostructures and superlattices, [93][94][95][96] and the intrinsic ferroelectrics. [97,98] In past decades, extensive attention has been paid to the symmetry determinations of surface and interfaces in perovskite oxide films using SHG where the SH polarimetry directly reflects the symmetry, and its intensity dominates the strength of the polarization within those structures. It has also been successfully applied to determine the polar state, domain distribution, and interactions among individual domains within many functional oxide films.…”