Relaxin 2 – a pregnancy hormone involved in the process of carcinogenesis

Domińska, Kamila

doi:10.17772/gp/1552

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…During the last few decades, an increasing number of studies have implicated Ang II and relaxin 2 as well as other peptide hormones in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. For example, strong expression has been observed of relaxin 2, the relaxin receptor RXFP1/LGR7, Ang II and angiotensin receptor type 1 in tumor tissue compared to normal prostate or breast tissue (1)(2)(3)(4). Recent studies of the authors have analyzed the interaction between the rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the relaxin family peptide system (RFPS), and their effects on various aspects of prostate cancer development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of mRNA gene expression of members of the NF-κB transcription factor gene family by angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in normal and cancer prostate cell lines

Domińska

Kowalska

Matysiak

et al. 2017

Molecular Medicine Reports

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An increasing number of researchers are focusing on the influence of local peptide hormones such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and relaxin 2 (RLN2) in the regulation of inflammation and carcinogenesis. The interaction between the renin‑angiotensin system (RAS) and relaxin family peptide system (RFPS) is known to influence the proliferation, adhesion and migration of normal and cancer prostate cell lines. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the expression of nuclear factor‑κB subunit 1 (NFKB1), nuclear factor‑κB subunit 2 (NFKB2), REL proto‑oncogene nuclear factor‑κB p65 subunit (REL), RELA proto‑oncogene nuclear factor‑κB subunit (RELA) and RELB proto‑oncogene nuclear factor‑κB subunit (RELB) mRNA caused by Ang II and RLN2. The members of NF‑kB family are involved in many processes associated with cancer development and metastasis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis identified that both peptide hormones have an influence on the relative expression of nuclear factor‑κB. Following treatment with either peptide, NFKB1 expression was downregulated in all prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU‑145 and PC3), but not in normal epithelial cells (PNT1A). Conversely, RELB mRNA was enhanced only in non‑cancerous prostate cells. RELA expression was strongly stimulated in the most aggressive cell line, whereas REL mRNA was unchanged. In many cases, the effect was strictly dependent on the cell line and/or the type of peptide: Ang II increased expression of both RELA and REL genes in the androgen‑dependent cell line while RLN2 enhanced NFKB2 and RELA mRNA in androgen‑independent cells (DU‑145). Further research is needed to understand the regulation of NF‑κB family members by key renin‑angiotensin system and RFPS peptides in prostate cancer cells; however, prostate carcinogenesis appears to be influenced by the balance between the cross‑regulation of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and androgen receptor pathways by Ang II and relaxin 2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of mRNA gene expression of members of the NF-κB transcription factor gene family by angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in normal and cancer prostate cell lines

Domińska

Kowalska

Matysiak

et al. 2017

Molecular Medicine Reports

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“…Deregulation of certain peptide hormones, such as angiotensin and relaxin, has been linked to a higher risk of certain cancers or a poor prognosis in patients (1)(2)(3). Changes in selected components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and relaxin family peptide system have been observed in pathological states of the prostate, including the chronic inflammatory state, prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer (PC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in the progress of growth and spread of prostate cancer cells

Domińska

Ochędalski

Kowalska

et al. 2016

International Journal of Oncology

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Abstract. Deregulation of locally secreted hormones, such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and relaxin 2 (RLN2), has been linked to a higher risk of select cancers or a poor prognosis in patients. In this study, for the first time a common effect of Ang II and RLN2 in relation to various aspects of prostate cancer development and metastasis are presented. Four independent colorimetric assays were used to analyze cell viability and proliferation. The changes of cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and invasion/aggressiveness ability of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC3) before and after peptides treatment, were also investigated. The findings suggest that the both investigated systems, have an impact on cell growth/division or spread, to some degree via overlapping signal transduction pathways. Intermediate or sometimes poorer results were achieved by using a combination of both hormones than when each was used individually. It seems that Ang II and RLN2 can play a significant role in increasing the aggressiveness of prostate tumors by up-regulating BIRC5 expression and MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion. In addition, we speculate that Ang II and RLN2 are involved in the transition from the androgen-dependent to the androgen-independent phenotype via modulation of the expression of androgen receptors.

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“…Recent studies have shown that polypeptides of the relaxin-like factor family are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis. 4 Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a molecule involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy. VEGF belongs to a family of growth factors controlling angiogenesis and endothelial cell permeability.…”

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Case report of a very large skin tag in an unusual location that grew rapidly during pregnancy

Eken

Oltulu

Alper

et al. 2014

The Journal of Dermatology

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Dear Editor, Skin tags/acrochorda are very common fibrous skin lesions that are usually skin-colored, have a folded surface and often a stalk, and range in size from several millimeters to, rarely, many centimeters. 1 Herein, we report a pregnant 32-year-old woman (gravida four, para three) at the 32nd week of gestation and who had a giant skin tag on the left labium majus which grew rapidly during pregnancy.The patient presented at the outpatient clinic due to a soft, bleeding, pedunculated mass (17 cm 9 10 cm 9 4 cm) over the left labium majus that had appeared 20 months previously ( Fig. 1). It had grown rapidly during her pregnancy. Her systemic examination and hematological laboratory tests were normal. An excisional biopsy was taken. Histopathological examination revealed large and small vessels on the subepithelial stroma of the polyp covered with surface-stratified squamous epithelium.The most frequent locations of skin tags are the neck and the axillae, but any skin fold, including the groin and submammary regions, may be affected. Less commonly, they can appear on the penis or labium majus. 2,3 The only differential diagnoses are a flesh-colored dermal nevus and neurofibromatosis. Unless irritated or infarcted, skin tags are more of a cosmetic issue than a clinical concern and can easily be removed by excision, electrodessication or cryosurgery. 1 Skin tags are suggested to be associated with obesity, some endocrine diseases, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, genetic predisposition, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. Pregnancy is also a risk factor. Hormonal changes may affect the development of the acrochordon. Pregnancy hormones can suddenly affect blood vessel tone. During pregnancy, the small blood vessels and capillaries multiply, and most blood vessels enlarge to accommodate a larger blood volume. Therefore, the observed changes are related to this effect. For instance, relaxin 2 is a polypeptide hormone structurally related to insulin and insulin-like growth factors. The characteristic functions of relaxin are associated with the female reproductive system, especially during pregnancy. Recent studies have shown that polypeptides of the relaxin-like factor family are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis. 4 Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a molecule involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy. VEGF belongs to a family of growth factors controlling angiogenesis and endothelial cell permeability. 5 There are a few case reports of giant skin tags on the labium majus. 2,3 Canalizo et al. 2 reported two cases with giant skin tags on the labium major. Ghosh et al. 3 reported a case series of four patients with giant skin tags, one of whom was a 28-year-old pregnant woman with a pedunculated mass measuring 3 cm 9 2.5 cm in her left nipple which was present for 6 years but grew rapidly during pregnancy.To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports of this condition with lesions of the size reported here 3 and there h...

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Relaxin 2 – a pregnancy hormone involved in the process of carcinogenesis

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Regulation of mRNA gene expression of members of the NF-κB transcription factor gene family by angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in normal and cancer prostate cell lines

Regulation of mRNA gene expression of members of the NF-κB transcription factor gene family by angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in normal and cancer prostate cell lines

Interaction between angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in the progress of growth and spread of prostate cancer cells

Case report of a very large skin tag in an unusual location that grew rapidly during pregnancy

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