“…Currently, local energization via repeated gyroresonant interactions with whistler-mode chorus waves (e.g., Summers et al, 1998;Horne et al, 2005;Thorne et al, 2013) is considered to be the primary cause of such enhancements. However, while receiving far less attention, rapid injections of relativistic electrons from the magnetotail associated with strong substorm dipolarizations have been suggested to make a significant contribution to radiation belt enhancements from both observations (e.g., Ingraham et al, 2001;Nagai et al, 2006;Nagai, 2012;Dai et al, 2014Dai et al, , 2015Xiong et al, 2022) and modeling (Kim et al, 2000;Fok et al, 2001;Glocer et al, 2011;Sorathia et al, 2018). Despite these efforts, the possibility that injections can be a major contributor to relativistic electron enhancements is mostly not seriously considered by the community relative to wave-driven energization.…”