“…These models simulate population dynamics, progressing from susceptibility to incubation, symptomatic or asymptomatic infection, and eventual recovery or mortality. They incorporate key epidemiological factors such as infectiousness, pathogenicity, and virulence ( 1 , 6 , 37 – 39 ). Additionally, they integrate practical prevention and control measures, including pharmacological interventions (e.g., antiviral drugs, antibiotics, vaccines) and non-pharmacological strategies (such as contact tracing, testing, school closures, hand hygiene, social distancing, mask-wearing), environmental disinfection, and vector control.…”