Relative toxicity of aldrin and dieldrin

Hamilton, E. W.

doi:10.1021/jf60177a052

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…An early investigation of in vivo insecticide detoxification mechanisms in Dvv showed that relative to organophosphates and carbamates, aldrin was very resistant to total detoxification but that it was readily converted to the more stable epoxide dieldrin [ 153 ]. Further examinations revealed a highly active cytochrome P450-dependent aldrin epoxidase system in cyclodiene resistant Dvv [ 154 ], which could not clearly explain the resistance phenotype since the epoxide dieldrin is equal to or more toxic to Dvv than the parental compound [ 155 ]. Another assessment showed that the susceptibility of Dvv to aldrin was increased by 9-fold when adults were maintained on diets other than corn suggesting that host-dependent alterations in aldrin metabolizing enzymes could contribute to the resistance mechanism [ 56 ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Dvv Resistance To Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Insecticides to Manage the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte: History, Field-Evolved Resistance, and Associated Mechanisms

Meinke

Souza

Siegfried

2021

Insects

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The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Dvv) is a significant insect pest of maize in the United States (U.S.). This paper reviews the history of insecticide use in Dvv management programs, Dvv adaptation to insecticides, i.e., field-evolved resistance and associated mechanisms of resistance, plus the current role of insecticides in the transgenic era. In the western U.S. Corn Belt where continuous maize is commonly grown in large irrigated monocultures, broadcast-applied soil or foliar insecticides have been extensively used over time to manage annual densities of Dvv and other secondary insect pests. This has contributed to the sequential occurrence of Dvv resistance evolution to cyclodiene, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides since the 1950s. Mechanisms of resistance are complex, but both oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism contribute to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid resistance facilitating cross-resistance between insecticide classes. History shows that Dvv insecticide resistance can evolve quickly and may persist in field populations even in the absence of selection. This suggests minimal fitness costs associated with Dvv resistance. In the transgenic era, insecticides function primarily as complementary tools with other Dvv management tactics to manage annual Dvv densities/crop injury and resistance over time.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Dvv Resistance To Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Insecticides to Manage the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte: History, Field-Evolved Resistance, and Associated Mechanisms

Meinke

Souza

Siegfried

2021

Insects

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“…Therefore, in order to obtain the intended morphogenetic effect within a callus culture, it is necessary to apply a suitable higher concentration of this exogenously added auxin. The herbicide 2,4-D is a more effective auxin than IAA in stimulating cell divisions in callus culture [16,17]. The use of 2,4-D results in a lack of light sensitivity and no disintegration by autoclaving temperatures, although it may inhibit organogenesis and induce mutation [18,19].…”

Section: Digital Signaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Changes accompanying proliferative capacity and morphology of Nicotiana tabacum L. callus in response to 2,4-D

2017

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The common trait of all auxins is a stimulation of cell elongation and also cell division in the presence of cytokinin; both are essential for callus induction and its multiplication. The response of plant tissues to various compounds with auxin activity may be quite different. In this study, the effectiveness of a synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorofenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), instead of the generally applied natural auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was tested for the proliferation of Nicotiana tabacum callus. The following concentrations of 2,4-D were tested: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg dm −3 . Callus was derived from stem pith and its proliferation allowed on MS medium through five subcultures at 25°C and in darkness. After each passage, the fresh weight and morphological features of the callus were determined. The 0.5 mg dm −3 2,4-D treatment was the most favorable for producing the greatest increase in fresh weight in each of five subsequent subcultures as well as maintaining normal morphological features for proliferation. However, the 1.0 mg dm −3 2,4-D treatment in comparison with the lowest, 0.1 mg dm −3 , was more beneficial when considering regular increases of fresh weight and a better cell cohesion for callus growth.

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“…Aldrin was widely used as a pesticide around the same time as dieldrin but is slightly less toxic in various species of insects. 14,46 Aldrin has a shorter half-life than dieldrin, mostly due to increased volatility and rate of metabolism in the environment and in mammals. 47 Despite these characteristics limiting the adverse effects of aldrin exposure, it is still listed as #25 on the CERCLA priority list of hazardous substances 48 and has been detected in the post-mortem brains of Parkinson’s disease patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Localization of Dieldrin and Structure–Activity Relationship of Dieldrin Analogues in Dopaminergic Cells

Allen

Florang

Davenport

et al. 2013

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) correlates with environmental exposure to pesticides, such as the organochlorine insecticide, dieldrin. Previous studies found an increased concentration of the pesticide in the striatal region of the brains of PD patients and also that dieldrin adversely affects cellular processes associated with PD. These processes include mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species production. However, the mechanism and specific cellular targets responsible for dieldrin-mediated cellular dysfunction and the structural components of dieldrin contributing to its toxicity (toxicophore) have not been fully defined. In order to identify the toxicophore of dieldrin, a structure–activity approach was used, with the toxicity profiles of numerous analogues of dieldrin (including aldrin, endrin, and cis-aldrin diol) assessed in PC6-3 cells. The MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to monitor cell viability and membrane permeability after treatment with each compound. Cellular assays monitoring ROS production and extracellular dopamine metabolite levels were also used. Structure and stereochemistry for dieldrin were found to be very important for toxicity and other end points measured. Small changes in structure for dieldrin (e.g., comparison to the stereoisomer endrin) yielded significant differences in toxicity. Interestingly, the cis-diol metabolite of dieldrin was found to be significantly more toxic than the parent compound. Disruption of dopamine catabolism yielded elevated levels of the neurotoxin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, for many organochlorines. Comparisons of the toxicity profiles for each dieldrin analogue indicated a structure-specific effect important for elucidating the mechanisms of dieldrin neurotoxicity.

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Relative toxicity of aldrin and dieldrin

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

The Use of Insecticides to Manage the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte: History, Field-Evolved Resistance, and Associated Mechanisms

The Use of Insecticides to Manage the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte: History, Field-Evolved Resistance, and Associated Mechanisms

Changes accompanying proliferative capacity and morphology of Nicotiana tabacum L. callus in response to 2,4-D

Cellular Localization of Dieldrin and Structure–Activity Relationship of Dieldrin Analogues in Dopaminergic Cells

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