Relative motion of selected carpal bones: A kinematic analysis of the normal wrist

Ruby, Leonard K.; Conney, W.P.; An, Kai Nan; Linscheid, Ronald L.; Chao, Edmund Y.S.

doi:10.1016/0363-5023(88)90189-x

Cited by 233 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In contrast, a 3-dimensional in vivo kinematic study from our laboratory using a technique known as markerless bone registration showed that the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate motion among 10 male and female healthy volunteers was strikingly uniform during wrist flexion-extension. 9 The relative contribution of the bones of the proximal and distal carpal rows differed from that shown in previous cadaveric kinematic studies, 2,[18][19][20] and the marked intercarpal motion between the scaphoid and lunate led us to conclude that the scaphoid functions independently of the proximal carpal row. A 3-dimensional computed tomographic study of normal volunteers by Moojen et al 21 agreed that the scaphoid moved independently of the bones of the proximal row and showed greater degrees of out-of-plane rotations than previously reported studies.…”

contrasting

confidence: 55%

The Dart-Throwing Motion of the Wrist: Is It Unique to Humans?

Wolfe

Crisco

Orr

et al. 2006

The Journal of Hand Surgery

148

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Kinematic analysis has shown a near-stationary proximal carpal row during the dart-thrower's motion, which is believed to provide a stable platform for the generation of force and accuracy during certain power and precision grip activities. This finding is consistent with evidence in the human hand of adaptations that enabled effective manipulation of stones, cylindric wood, and bone tools for throwing and clubbing. There are at least two possible explanations for the observed human proximal carpal row kinematics. One is that it is retained from a previous common ancestor with great apes and previously adapted to some form of foraging or locomotor behavior involving the hands, but was recruited for tool use after we diverged from the apes. The second is that it evolved after our divergence from apes, in synchrony with adaptations in the human hand to the manipulation of tools, and central to the development of the human's unique ability to aim and accelerate tools and weapons. KeywordsDart-thrower's motion; wrist kinematics; human evolution; carpus; markerless bone registration This report details our understanding of the dart-thrower's motion in the context of carpal kinematic research and the implications that these kinematic findings have to human evolutionary development. We believe that a fundamental reshaping of our understanding of the planes of wrist motion and the functional arc of the human wrist may lead to advances in nonsurgical and surgical care of wrist injuries, implant design, and rehabilitation. Wrist Kinematics and the Dart-Thrower's ArcThe study of carpal kinematics is highly complex because of the irregular size and shape of the multiple small articulating surfaces and the complex forces that cross the wrist. Conclusions in the literature often are contradictory, and there is disagreement among leading investigators as to the direction of rotation and the contribution of individual carpal bones to global wrist motion. It generally is agreed that the proximal row moves in synchrony throughout radioulnar deviation and flexion-extension, but the degree of out-ofplane rotation and intercarpal motion within the proximal row is the source of considerable research efforts. 1-5 Both planar radiographic analyses and detailed 3-dimensional analyses

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contrasting

confidence: 55%

The Dart-Throwing Motion of the Wrist: Is It Unique to Humans?

Wolfe

Crisco

Orr

et al. 2006

The Journal of Hand Surgery

148

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“…Previous studies on wrist biomechanics focused on kinematic changes of carpal disorders (16,23,25,31,32). Our present study is one of the first to determine changes in the biomechanical parameters of wrist motors under pathologic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Biomechanical changes of the wrist flexor and extensor tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity

Tang

Ryu

Han

et al. 1997

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Loss of integrity of the scaphoid may change the motion center of the entire carpus, and deformities from scaphoid fractures may alter the location of motor tendons of the wrist, thus altering their biomechanics. The goal of this study was to clarify biomechanical changes in these tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity. Excursions and moment arms of the principal flexor and extensor tendons of the wrist were investigated in seven cadaveric upper extremities in intact wrists after simulation of scaphoid waist fracture and after removal of the proximal scaphoid. Excursions of the flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons were measured with rotary potentiometers during wrist flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation. Simultaneously, wrist joint angulation was recorded. Moment arms of the tendons were derived from tendon excursions and joint motion. After scaphoid fracture, the moment arms of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons increased significantly during wrist flexion-extension, whereas the moment arms of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons decreased significantly. After proximal scaphoid excision, the moment arms of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons again decreased significantly during wrist flexion-extension. The moment arms of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis tendons increased significantly during radioulnar deviation, whereas those of the wrist motors on the ulnar side decreased. These findings indicate the importance of the integrity of the scaphoid in maintaining normal biomechanics of motor tendons of the wrist. An increase in the moment arm of the radial wrist flexor along with a decrease in moment arms of the radial extensors constitutes as etiology for persistent angulation of the scaphoid and the humpback deformity. In addition, disturbing the biomechanics of the wrist motor tendons predisposes the carpal joints to abnormal loading, potentially contributing to the development of carpal joint degeneration.

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“…Carpal kinematics have been studied before (2,10,13). Carpal ligament lengthening is a function of carpal displacement, the material characteristics of the ligaments, and the positions of the ligaments relative to the carpals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human carpal ligament recruitment and three‐dimensional carpal motion

Savelberg

Kooloos

Lange³

et al. 1991

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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In five fresh human cadaver wrist joints six carpal ligaments and seven carpal bones were marked with small, radio‐opaque pellets. Using a roentgenstereophotogrammetric measuring system, the ligamentous length changes and the kinematics of carpal bones were determined in different flexion and deviation positions of the hand. The data generated by this method differ significantly from lengthening data predicted by current concepts on carpal ligament functioning. The motions of carpal bones and the lengthening of the carpal ligaments were related to each other. It appeared that most carpal ligaments lengthen only during one half of a full movement cycle. Hence, ligaments seem to constrain either a dorsal‐ or a palmar‐directed motion of the hand, or an ulnar‐ or a radial‐directed motion of the hand. When the hand is in maximal radial deviation or maximal palmar flexion, none of the ligaments has a greater length than in the neutral situation. The tested parts of the lunatotriquetrum palmar ligament do not lengthen during any movement of the hand. Significant lengthening relative to the neutral situation was found for the radiocapitate palmar ligament (6.5% in maximal ulnar deviation and 11.7% in maximal dorsal flexion of the hand), and for the distal string of the radiolunate palmar ligament (6.4% in maximal ulnar deviation). It was confirmed that the carpals, apart from moving in the plane in which the hand motion takes place, also execute considerable out‐of‐plane motions during hand motions. The combination of these expermentally and simultaneously determined data on length change and on the movements of carpal bones are found to be necessary in order to give suitable explanations for the observed separate kinematical phenomena.

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Relative motion of selected carpal bones: A kinematic analysis of the normal wrist

Cited by 233 publications

References 12 publications

The Dart-Throwing Motion of the Wrist: Is It Unique to Humans?

The Dart-Throwing Motion of the Wrist: Is It Unique to Humans?

Biomechanical changes of the wrist flexor and extensor tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity

Human carpal ligament recruitment and three‐dimensional carpal motion

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