Relative Importance of Nasopharyngeal versus Oropharyngeal Sampling for Isolation of
            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
            and
            <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>
            from Healthy and Sick Individuals Varies with Age

Greenberg, David; Broides, Arnon; Blancovich, Irena; Peled, Nechama; Givon-Lavi, Noga; Dagan, Ron

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.10.4604-4609.2004

Cited by 82 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…on May 10, 2018 by guest http://jcm.asm.org/ genetic diversity seen in each individual include the use of selective agar containing bacitracin, which significantly reduces contamination with non-Haemophilus species and facilitates isolation of Haemophilus; vigorous sampling of the throat, which yields H. influenzae isolation rates equal to or greater than sampling the nasopharynx in adults (19,33); and analysis of multiple isolates with morphology suggestive of Haemophilus species from each sample. USS-PCR genotyping (a technique that is more rapid and resource conserving than PFGE) was used as an initial screen to identify strains showing identical genotypes that would not require further genotyping.…”

Section: Vol 45 2007 H Influenzae and H Haemolyticus Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharyngeal Colonization Dynamics of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in Healthy Adult Carriers

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of respiratory infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis, which are preceded by asymptomatic H. influenzae colonization of the human pharynx. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of pharyngeal colonization by H. influenzae and an intimately related species, Haemophilus haemolyticus, in healthy adults. Throat specimens from four healthy adult carriers were screened for Haemophilus species; 860 isolates were identified as H. influenzae or H. haemolyticus based on the porphyrin test and on dependence on hemin and NAD for growth. Based on tests for hemolysis, for the presence of the 7F3 epitope of the P6 protein, and for the presence of iga in 412 of the isolates, 346 (84%) were H. influenzae, 47 (11%) were H. haemolyticus, 18 (4%) were nonhemolytic H. haemolyticus, and 1 was a variant strain. Carriers A and B were predominantly colonized with nontypeable H. influenzae, carrier C predominantly with b ؊ H. influenzae mutants, and carrier D with H. haemolyticus. A total of 358 H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following SmaI or EagI digestion of their DNA, and the carriers displayed the following: carrier A had 11 unique PFGE genotypes, carrier B had 15, carrier C had 7, and carrier D had 10. Thus, adult H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus carriers are colonized with multiple unique genotypes, the colonizing strains exhibit genetic diversity, and we observed day-to-day and week-to-week variability of the genotypes. These results appear to reflect both evolutionary processes that occur among H. influenzae isolates during asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage and sample-to-sample collection bias from a large, variable population of colonizing bacteria.Haemophilus species constitute approximately 10% of the total bacterial flora in the human upper respiratory tract (27). Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen in humans that asymptomatically colonizes the pharyngeal mucosa and occasionally the genital mucosa. The rate of carriage of H. influenzae increases from infancy (about 20% in the first year of life) to early childhood (Ͼ50% in children 5 to 6 years old), and H. influenzae is recoverable from the upper airways of 20 to 80% of healthy children (2,15,22,32).Colonization of the human respiratory mucosal surface represents a dynamic process in which bacteria are acquired, replaced, and reacquired many times in a lifetime. Past studies have demonstrated that H. influenzae colonization of the pharynx is characterized by rapid bacterial turnover (9, 12, 50, 58) and carriage of multiple strains at any one time (18,37,43,52,58). Previous studies have demonstrated a 62% week-to-week turnover rate of H. influenzae isolated from healthy children attending day care; 37 to 43% of throat cultures contained two or more genetically distinct strains (range, zero to five) (14,56).In addition to living as a commensal in the respiratory tract, H. influenzae may also cause s...

show abstract

Section: Vol 45 2007 H Influenzae and H Haemolyticus Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharyngeal Colonization Dynamics of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in Healthy Adult Carriers

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The second issue is the use of the rigid swab applicator to sample the nasopharynx, as was done in some earlier studies (1, 6), and not the flexible swab applicator, as was done in others (4,9,12). At the preliminary stage of this study the investigators tested both types of applicators for nasopharyngeal sampling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensitivities of these two methods for identification of colonization by PRP in adults were compared in several earlier studies, particularly regarding S. pneumoniae, but the results were not consistent (1,2,4,6,9,12). The nasopharyngeal wash technique, which is commonly used to isolate viruses in children, has not gained popularity as a method to test for PRP colonization in adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal versus Oropharyngeal Sampling for Isolation of Potential Respiratory Pathogens in Adults

Lieberman

Shleyfer²,

Castel³

et al. 2006

J Clin Microbiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The optimal methodology for the identification of colonization by potential respiratory pathogens (PRP) in adults is not well established. The objectives of the present study were to compare the sensitivities of sampling the nasopharynx and the oropharynx for identification of PRP colonization and to compare the sensitivities of samples from the nasopharynx by swab and by washing for the same purpose. The study included 500 participants with a mean age of 65.1 ؎ 17.8 years. Of these, 300 patients were hospitalized for acute febrile lower respiratory tract infection and 200 were controls. Each participant was sampled by oropharyngeal swab (OPS), nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), and nasopharyngeal washing (NPW). The samples were tested by conventional bacteriological methods to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. OPS detected colonization by S. pneumoniae in 30% of the subjects compared with 89% by NPS and NPW (P < 0.000001). The corresponding rates for H. influenzae were 49% and 64%, respectively (no significant difference [NS]), and for M. catarrhalis were 72% and 46%, respectively (P < 0.0004). NPS identified 61% of the cases of colonization with S. pneumoniae, compared with 76% by NPW (NS). The corresponding rates for H. influenzae were 31% and 56%, respectively (P < 0.04), and for M. catarrhalis were 39% and 33%, respectively (NS). We conclude that the sensitivities of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal sampling for identification of PRP colonization in adults are different for each of the three bacteria in this category. The combined results of sampling from both sites are necessary to obtain a true picture of the rate of colonization. NPW is superior to NPS.Colonization of the mucosal membrane of the nasopharynx and the oropharynx by the potential respiratory pathogens (PRP), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, has several clinical manifestations. In most cases colonization causes only a carrier state without producing clinical symptoms, but, if a change occurs in the host's condition, the PRP can cause disease (3). In addition, the bacteria that are carried in the upper respiratory tract can spread from person to person (6, 7, 10), which is why their presence can provide useful and important information on the emergence of resistance in clinical isolates (8,11).Age is the most influential factor in the rate of colonization by PRP in healthy individuals. The maximal rates seen in preschool children decline during the school years and decline sharply in adults (5, 6). The high colonization rates in the pediatric age group are the reason that the vast majority of studies on this issue were conducted on this age group, while the number of studies that evaluated PRP colonization in adults is small (3). In these circumstances, it is not surprising that even the basic methodology to test for colonization in adults is not well established. The present study was designed to deal with one of the aspects of this issue.The two technique...

show abstract

“…Methods for assessing carriage have included swabbing, nose blowing and nasopharyngeal aspiration. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] However, no single study has evaluated the use of different swabbing methods using a large population-based sample. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Peptide-Based Neutralizer That Potently Inhibits Both Shiga Toxins 1 and 2 by Targeting Specific Receptor-Binding Regions

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Shiga toxin (Stx) is a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagicEscherichia colithat occasionally causes fatal systemic complications. We recently developed a tetravalent peptide (PPP-tet) that neutralizes the cytotoxicity of Stx2 using a multivalent peptide library approach. In this study, we used this technique to identify a series of tetravalent peptides that bound to Stx1, another major Stx family member, with high affinity by targeting one receptor-binding site of the B subunit. One peptide, MMA-tet, markedly inhibited Stx1 and Stx2 cytotoxicity with greater potency than PPP-tet. After forming a complex with Stx1 through its specific receptor-binding region, MMA-tet did not affect vesicular transport of the toxin to the endoplasmic reticulum but substantially rescued inhibition of the protein synthesis induced by Stx1. Oral application of MMA-tet protected mice from a fatal dose of anE. coliO157:H7 strain producing both toxins. MMA-tet may be a promising therapeutic agent against the infection.

show abstract

Relative Importance of Nasopharyngeal versus Oropharyngeal Sampling for Isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from Healthy and Sick Individuals Varies with Age

Cited by 82 publications

References 27 publications

Pharyngeal Colonization Dynamics of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in Healthy Adult Carriers

Pharyngeal Colonization Dynamics of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in Healthy Adult Carriers

Nasopharyngeal versus Oropharyngeal Sampling for Isolation of Potential Respiratory Pathogens in Adults

Identification of a Peptide-Based Neutralizer That Potently Inhibits Both Shiga Toxins 1 and 2 by Targeting Specific Receptor-Binding Regions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About