Relative Density of Pluviated Sand Samples

A New Slurry-Based Method of Preparation of Specimens of Sand Containing Fines

“…Thus, e max and e min are not necessarily the absolute limiting void ratios of a given soil, but rather the void ratios at the loosest and densest states produced by a particular set of laboratory test procedures. Vaid and Negussey (1984) showed that sand grains reach terminal velocity almost instantly during pluviation in water, resulting in e max values that are unaffected by the drop height. On the other hand, air pluviation of dry sand produces different e max values depending on the particle drop height used during the test.…”

“…The limiting void ratios e max and e min are also known to be affected by the method used in their determination (Kolbuszewski 1948;Townsend 1973;Vaid and Negussey 1984;Youd 1973). Thus, e max and e min are not necessarily the absolute limiting void ratios of a given soil, but rather the void ratios at the loosest and densest states produced by a particular set of laboratory test procedures.…”

“…The determination of limiting void ratios (or densities) of sandy soils has been the subject of many studies (e.g., Kolbuszewski 1948;Townsend 1973;Vaid and Negussey 1984;Youd 1973). Several factors have been shown to affect the maximum and minimum densities, such as the method used for e min and e max determination, soil grain-size distribution, and particle angularity (Kolbuszewski 1948;Vaid and Negussey 1984;Youd 1973).…”

“…Several factors have been shown to affect the maximum and minimum densities, such as the method used for e min and e max determination, soil grain-size distribution, and particle angularity (Kolbuszewski 1948;Vaid and Negussey 1984;Youd 1973). Considering some simple packing geometries, it can be demonstrated mathematically that the limiting void ratios of idealized single-sized spherical packings are equal to…”

Enhancing soil sample preparation by thermal cycling

“…For samples produced by different air pluviation configurations, the density within the granular medium appears to be non-uniform (Vaid & Negussey, 1984). In fact, higher densities are often attained in the central part of the sample and lower densities at the boundaries (e.g.…”