Relative contributions of lean and fat mass to bone strength in young Hispanic and non-Hispanic girls

Hetherington‐Rauth, Megan; Bea, Jennifer W.; Blew, Robert M.; Funk, Janet L.; Hingle, Melanie; Lee, Vinson R.; Roe, Denise J.; Wheeler, Mark D.; Lohman, Timothy G.; Going, Scott B.

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.023

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…In a previously published analysis of cross‐sectional data from the STAR study, Hetherington‐Rauth and colleagues found that fat mass was positively associated with bone strength and size at the 66% tibia, bone size at the 20% femur and 4% tibia, and cortical thickness and BMC at the radius. ( 19 ) The present longitudinal analysis showed a positive relationship between change in TBFM and 66% tibia bone strength, after adjusting for TBLM, but change in TBFM did not significantly influence bone outcomes at the 20% femur nor 4% tibia after adjusting for TBLM. Additionally, our longitudinal analysis identified a significant relationship between change in TBFM on radius SSI p (dependent on menarcheal status) that was not observed in the cross‐sectional analysis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…Methodology for the cross‐sectional study has been previously reported. ( 19 ) For the longitudinal study, all measurements were taken at baseline and 2‐year follow‐up.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a cross‐sectional analysis of soft tissue composition and pQCT bone outcomes in Hispanic girls from the Soft Tissue and Bone Development (STAR) study, we recently reported that lean mass was the primary determinant of bone strength at all peripheral bone sites, whereas fat mass may contribute to increased bone strength in weight‐bearing bone sites but not at the non‐weight‐bearing site of the radius. ( 19 ) Building off this cross‐sectional study, the aim of the current longitudinal study was to assess the relationship between changes in total body lean soft tissue mass (TBLM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) with changes in bone strength, density, and structure for weight‐bearing and non‐weight‐bearing bones in a cohort of primarily Hispanic ethnicity (70% Hispanic) peripubertal girls from the STAR study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of Changes in Soft Tissue Composition on Changes in Bone Strength in Peripubertal Girls: The STAR Longitudinal Study

Bland

Bea

Blew

et al. 2020

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Obesity and osteoporosis remain two major public health concerns. Soft tissue composition and bone are interrelated; however, it is still not well understood how changes in adiposity during adolescence affect bone development. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in DXA‐derived total body lean mass (TBLM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) associate with 2‐year changes in bone outcomes at the 20% femur, 66% tibia, 66% radius, and 4% tibia, as measured by pQCT, during the years surrounding the onset of menarche in a cohort of 9‐ to 12‐year‐old (baseline) adolescent girls (70% Hispanic). From baseline to 2‐year follow‐up, girls showed statistically significant increases in all bone outcomes, except radial endosteal circumference. In separate linear regression models, change in TBLM and change in TBFM were both positively associated with 2‐year changes in bone outcomes at all measured bone sites, after controlling for relevant covariates. However, when change in TBLM and change in TBFM were included in the same model, change in TBLM was the predominant predictor of bone outcomes, explaining 4% to 14% of the variance in bone strength outcomes. Change in TBFM remained a positive predictor of tibia polar strength strain index (SSIp) (2% variance explained). A significant interaction between change in TBFM and menarcheal status was identified at the radius for SSIp and indicated that greater gains in TBFM were beneficial for SSIp in girls that were premenarcheal at baseline but detrimental for girls who were postmenarcheal at baseline. The overall findings suggest that changes in TBLM during the peripubertal years have a greater influence on bone outcomes than changes in TBFM. While gains in TBFM might benefit the weight bearing 66% tibia, greater gains in TBFM may be detrimental to bone development at the non‐weight bearing 66% radius after the onset of menarche. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…Methodology for the cross‐sectional study has been previously reported. ( 19 ) For the longitudinal study, all measurements were taken at baseline and 2‐year follow‐up.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of Changes in Soft Tissue Composition on Changes in Bone Strength in Peripubertal Girls: The STAR Longitudinal Study

Bland

Bea

Blew

et al. 2020

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The interaction of bone and body mass is more complex than generally assumed and "unlikely to be driven principally by the loading imparted by body mass due to gravity" (Pomeroy et al 2018). Although fat mass is a component of body mass and contributes to skeletal loading, lean mass is the main determinant of limb bone strength, particularly on upper limbs (Hetherington-Rauth et al 2018;Pomeroy et al 2018). Skeletal properties can be used to estimate lean mass but they are not reliable for estimating fat mass (Pomeroy et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the high correlation, BMI is not an ideal predictor of %BF either in children and adolescents or in adults (Deurenberg-Yap et al 2000;Wells 2018;Wickramasinghe 2012). The relationship further depends on ethnicity as, for example, Asians have a lower BMI but at the same time a higher %BF (Deurenberg-Yap et al 2000;Prentice and Jebb 2001), however, bone measures do not differ significantly between ethnicities (Hetherington-Rauth et al 2018). Although "bone mass, skeletal muscle mass, and fat mass are highly correlated with BMI" (Wells 2014), BMI is only a measure of height and weight and not body composition.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of percentage of body fat in field studies – a method based on relative elbow breadth (Frame Index) and BMI

Mumm

Reimann

Hermanussen

2021

HBPH

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Background Over the last 20 years, a decreasing trend in external skeletal robusticity and an increasing trend in overweight and obesity was observed worldwide in adults and children as modern lifestyles in nutritional and activity behavior have changed. However, body mass index (BMI) as a measure for overweight is not an ideal predictor of % body fat (%BF) either in children and adolescents or in adults. On the contrary, it disguises a phenomenon called “hidden obesity”. Objectives We aim to approximate %BF by combining skeletal robusticity and BMI and develop an estimation-based tool to identify normal weight obese children and adolescents. Sample and Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data on height, weight, elbow breadth, and skinfold thickness (triceps and subscapular) of German children aged 6 to 18 years (N=15,034). We used modified Hattori charts and multiple linear regression to develop a tool, the “%BF estimator”, to estimate %BF by using BMI and skeletal robusticity measured as Frame Index. Results Independent of sex and age an increase in BMI is associated with an increase in %BF, an increase in Frame Index is associated with a decrease in %BF. The developed tool “%BF estimator” allows the estimation of %BF per sex and age group after calculation of BMI and Frame Index. Conclusion The “%BF estimator” is an easily applicable tool for the estimation of %BF in respect of body composition for clinical practice, screening, and public health research. It is non-invasive and has high accuracy. Further, it allows the identification of normal weight obese children and adolescents.

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Anthropometric parameters to estimate body frame size in children and adolescents: A systematic review

Garza

Peñaloza

García-Leal

et al. 2022

American J Hum Biol

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Objective To determine the most frequently body frame size (BFS) measurement and to compare the cut‐off values used for classifying body size in children and adolescents. Methods This systematic review focused on primary studies and scientific reports published in Medline Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, or Scopus between January 1, 2007 and March 31, 2021. Eligible studies must have included at least one BFS parameter measured in healthy children or adolescents. A descriptive analysis and graphic comparison were performed when values of the body frame were available. Results A total of 26 studies involving 317 202 children and adolescents from all over the world were included. The report of Frame index predominated (46%). It was followed by the biacromial diameter single or combined with the bitrochanteric and biiliocristal diameter (27%), the wrist circumference (19%), and the grant index (12%). Fourteen studies reported percentile values of the BFS measurement, but only four presented cut‐off values. Conclusions There was no unified BFS measurement in children and adolescents neither reference cut‐off values for categorization. The Frame index was the most frequently used. It is difficult to compare BFS statistics due to the diversity of measurements. It is necessary to standardize the use of the methods for measuring BFS.

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Relative contributions of lean and fat mass to bone strength in young Hispanic and non-Hispanic girls

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

Influence of Changes in Soft Tissue Composition on Changes in Bone Strength in Peripubertal Girls: The STAR Longitudinal Study

Influence of Changes in Soft Tissue Composition on Changes in Bone Strength in Peripubertal Girls: The STAR Longitudinal Study

Estimation of percentage of body fat in field studies – a method based on relative elbow breadth (Frame Index) and BMI

Anthropometric parameters to estimate body frame size in children and adolescents: A systematic review

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