Relative age is associated with bullying victimisation and perpetration among children aged eight to nine

Abstract

Bullying is defined by the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as unwanted repetitive aggressive behaviour that occurs within an unequal power relationship and inflicts harm or distress on the victim. 1 The prevalence of involvement in bullying is approximately 20%-25%. 2 It has possible long-lasting negative impacts such as mental 3-7 and physical health problems, socioeconomic disadvantages, 5 and criminality. 4,5 Bullies have been shown to demonstrate proactive aggression and be motivated by social dominance, whereas their victims have been characterised as submissive and lacking in confidence in social interaction. 2 These characteristics may be increased by differences in growth and maturity.

Correlates of school bullying victimization among Black/White biracial adolescents: Are they similar to their monoracial Black and White peers?

“…Regarding White adolescents, of the individual‐level correlates of bullying, younger age was found to be negatively associated with peer victimization, which was similar to some findings (Dinkes, Kemp, Baum, & Snyder, 2009) and contrary to others (Tiiri et al, 2020). However, studies have shown that bullying tends to increase as youth grow older (Hong & Espelage, 2012).…”

Bullying among nursing students during clinical practice

“…This age is adolescent age which is reported to be the bullying victims and can cause high suicide cases (5). This study's results contradict another study that states that the youngest children more easily become victims (6). It is possible that bullying occurs in all age ranges.…”

4+4+4 Düzenlemesiyle Okula Erken Yaşta Başlayan Çocuklar: “Bir Yaş Daha Büyük Olsaydım Çok Daha İyi Olurdu!”

“…This shows that young children are exposed to various types of bullying by older children, such as exclusion, emotional violence and physical violence. Similarly, in the study of Tiiri et al (2020), relatively younger children are more likely to be bullied than those in the older age group. The effects of starting school at an early age are manifested not only in the primary school period, but also in later years such as secondary school and high school.…”