Relative age effect in elite Brazilian athletes in different combat sports: an observational study

Abstract

Background The relative age effect (RAE) suggests that, due to maturity, young athletes born in the first quartiles of the year may have advantages over those born in the last quartiles of the year. Thus, it is important to evaluate the RAE in different sports and to consider the particularities of the subdivisions of the sports categories. Objective To analyze the RAE in the top 20 of the Brazilian rankings in different combat sports. Methods Observational study that analyzed the national databases for the year 2019 (from categories U-11 to U-18) made publicly available by the Brazilian confederations of karate, taekwondo and fencing. We obtained data on date of birth, age category and body weight of all modalities, type of fencing competition weapon (Epee, Foie and Saber) and type of karate modality (kumite and kata) from the top 20 places in each ranking. The final sample consisted of 1,486 athletes (Age: 14.2 ± 2.3. Male—53.2%. Female—46.8%). To identify the RAE, we performed a contingency analysis and compared the results between the sexes within the same sport. Results There was RAE in the U-11, U-12, U-15 and U-17 fencing categories ( p < 0.05), being higher in the female categories ( p < 0.05). The RAE was higher for males in the Epee test, and similar between the sexes for the Saber and Foie tests. In karate, RAE occurred in categories U-14 and U-16 ( p < 0.05), being higher in males ( p < 0.05). The RAE was similar between the sexes in the kumite modality ( p < 0.05). There was no RAE for the kata modality in karate ( p > 0.05) and for the Taekwondo categories ( p > 0.05). Conclusion The results showed the existence of a relative age effect in elite athletes ranked (top 20 places in each ranking) only for the sport of fencing and karate kumite. Graphical abstract

Maturity Status and Relative Age of Elite Taekwondo Youth Competitors—Case Study on Croatian National Team

“…Regarding the presence of the RAE in the sample of elite junior taekwondo athletes in Croatia, it was not identified in either male or female categories. This was somewhat expected since previous authors have not found the RAE in their investigations on taekwondo athletes [ 16 , 19 ]. On the other hand, through meta-analysis Albuquerque et al [ 31 ] have identified that the RAE was significantly higher in male categories compared to females.…”

“…Given that the literature search yielded no results on CYE in taekwondo articles, we will use the term RAE in this paper. The RAE has been found in many sports and sports categories [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], but there are also sports where the RAE has not been identified [ 15 ] or in very few cases [ 16 ]. Many studies have found that the RAE mostly exists in male groups of athletes and much less in female groups, as well as a prevalence of RAE in younger categories [ 17 ].…”

“…Studies of the RAE in taekwondo are rare. Authors have mostly not found RAE relevant in this sport [ 16 , 19 ], except for one in Korea [ 20 ]. Some justify this with the weight categorization, while others with less interest in taekwondo sport in certain countries.…”