Relative Activities of Some Metabolites and Analogs of Cholecalciferol in Stimulation of Tibia Ash Weight in Chicks Otherwise Deprived of Vitamin D

Boris, Alfred; Hurley, James F.; Trmal, Thelma

doi:10.1093/jn/107.2.194

Cited by 60 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Previous research has shown that 1α-OH D 3 is 4.5 times more active than vitamin D 3 in respect to the BWG of broiler chickens (Soares et al, 1978), 8.6 times in respect to tibia ash increase (Boris et al, 1977), and at least 10 times in terms of mobilizing bone calcium and raising plasma calcium concentrations in Leghorn cockerels (Haussler et al, 1973). Using body weight, plasma Ca, tibia ash weight and percentage, and incidence of rickets as criteria, Edwards et al (2002) reported that the relative biological values of 1α-OH D 3 to vitamin D 3 were 10.08, 9.50, 11.26, 4.48, and 4.50, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The effects of dietary cholecalciferol and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in a calcium- and phosphorus-deficient diet on growth performance and tibia quality of growing broilers

Han¹,

Qu²,

Wang³

et al. 2013

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The effects of dietary cholecalciferol and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in a calcium- and phosphorus-deficient diet on growth performance and tibia quality of growing broilers

Han¹,

Qu²,

Wang³

et al. 2013

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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“…It is generally considered that 1,25(OH)2D3 is the most active form of vitamin D responsible for increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine [9,10], mobilizing these ions from bone [11][12][13][14] and increasing bone mineralization as measured by ash weight [15]. Nonetheless, substantial evidence has been accumulating which strongly suggests that other vitamin D metabolites are required for the full expression of vitamin D activity [16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decrease in phosphate levels obtained with the high dose of 25(OH)D3 and a 10 times higher dose of 24,25(OH)2D3 was not related to an increase in the levels of serum calcium, suggesting that the vitamin D metabolites may have a direct role in phosphate metabolism, independent of their effect on the levels of serum calcium. The effects of 24,25(OH)~D3 on the level of serum calcium and phosphate may be significant when it is considered that under normal physiological conditions, in man, 24,25(OH)2D3 has been reported to be found in the serum in 100 times higher concentrations than 1,25(OH)2D3 [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative effectiveness of vitamin D metabolites in increasing bone mineral solubility

Somerman

Neuman

1981

Calcif Tissue Int

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Weanling rats were given a vitamin D-deficient diet containing 1.4% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus. After 4 weeks these deficient animals were injected for 7 days with selected doses of one of the following vitamin D metabolites: 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, 25,26(OH)2D3 or the ethanol vehicle. A vitamin D-replete group was placed on the same diet but injected with 50 IU of vitamin D3 once a week for the entire 5-week period. By the use of a modified Ussing chamber [1], the measurements of calcium fluxes into and from the rat calvaria were possible. These data enabled the apparent mineral solubilities to be derived. After 5 weeks on this diet the vitamin D-deficient rats had low levels of serum calcium (1.41 mM) and decreased mineral solubility when compared to the vitamin D-replete group. The apparent solubility of the bone mineral increased toward the vitamin D-replete level in calvaria from vitamin D metabolite-treated rats. However, these changes did not directly reflect the alterations in the level of serum calcium. At any given dose level, 1,25(OH)2D3 was the most effective metabolite in increasing serum calcium. In fact, the high dose (250 pmoles/day) was hypercalcemic. Next in effectiveness was 25(OH)D3. These two metabolites were equally effective in increasing mineral solubility. At a 10 times higher dose, the 24,25(OH)2D3 metabolite was able to normalize serum calcium and improve but not normalize mineral solubility. At the high dose (260 pmoles/day), the 25,26(OH)2D3 metabolite caused no effect on mineral solubility and minimal increases in serum calcium.

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“…1,25(OH) 2 -24-keto-D 3 has been identified as a major metabolite produced by the rat intestine, in vitro and in vivo, establishing C24 oxidation as a key metabolic pathway; this metabolite is the substrate for the subsequent C23 hydroxylation (Napoli et al, 1983a, b). Based on a study performed in chickens (Boris et al, 1977) (Esvelt et al, 1979;Reddy and Tserng, 1989).…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety ofSolanum glaucophyllumstandardised leaves as feed material

Feed¹

2015

EFSA Journal

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Solanum glaucophyllum standardised leaves (PAN) is a mixture of irradiated Solanum glaucophyllum ground leaves and wheat middlings to ensure a concentration of minimum 10 mg glycosylated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/kg feedingstuff. Glycosylation of the vitamin molecule affected biopotency in poultry and rats, but not in ruminants. Up to 1 000 mg PAN/kg complete diet was considered safe for chickens and piglets. PAN concentrations meeting the chicken's requirement for vitamin D in diets without supplemental vitamin D 3 could not be established. No evidence for an improvement of zootechnical parameters by PAN in diets already supplemented with vitamin D 3 was provided for chickens, laying hens and piglets. In dairy cows, PAN had the potential to be efficacious in the prevention of milk fever. However, a feeding regime ensuring its safe use at efficacious doses has not yet been established. No data on safety and efficacy of PAN for other animal species and categories were provided. A water-soluble extract of Solanum glaucophyllum was not genotoxic. A no observed adverse effect level could be not derived from sub-acute toxicity studies in rabbits. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 05 ) based on an increase in plasma calcium in a 28-day repeat dose rat study corresponded to 2 900-3 500 mg PAN/kg diet. Maternal toxicity and fetotoxicity were observed in rats and rabbits at all extract doses tested. An overall safe dose of PAN was not identified from the available toxicological data in laboratory animals. Since PAN did not increase the concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in animal tissues, the use of PAN in animal nutrition is safe for consumers. Inhalation of PAN could be hazardous. PAN was not irritant to skin and eyes and unlikely to cause skin sensitisation. Considering the content of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in PAN its use in animal nutrition would not pose a risk to the environment. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum (SG) as feed material. The scientific opinion should cover, in particular, the content of glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the ground leaves and the supply with and the physiology of vitamin D in the target species.In the view of the EFSA FEEDAP Panel, Solanum glaucophyllum standardised leaves (PAN) was a compound feed. It consisted of a mixture of irradiated Solanum glaucophyllum ground leaves and wheat middlings to ensure a concentration of minimum 10 mg glycosylated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 )/kg feedingstuff.Glycosylation of the vitamin molecule affected biopotency in poultry and rats, but not in ruminants.The species-related differences in biopotency of glycosylated 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 prevented the setting of a universal vitamin D bioequivalence of PAN in terms of international units.Based on the limited number of endpoints, up to 1 000 mg...

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Relative Activities of Some Metabolites and Analogs of Cholecalciferol in Stimulation of Tibia Ash Weight in Chicks Otherwise Deprived of Vitamin D

Cited by 60 publications

References 18 publications

The effects of dietary cholecalciferol and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in a calcium- and phosphorus-deficient diet on growth performance and tibia quality of growing broilers

The effects of dietary cholecalciferol and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in a calcium- and phosphorus-deficient diet on growth performance and tibia quality of growing broilers

Relative effectiveness of vitamin D metabolites in increasing bone mineral solubility

Scientific Opinion on the safety ofSolanum glaucophyllumstandardised leaves as feed material

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