“…[1][2][3] They can rapidly react and release immense energy in a very short period, supporting a wide range of practical applications such as propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. 2,4,5 Among the most widely used high-energy materials in ammunition and solid propellants are 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 , RDX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 , HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (C 6 H 6 N 12 O 12 , CL-20), 6,7 due to their unique structures, and the outstanding performance. The combustion/detonation characteristics, and mechanical stability of the HEMs are crucial for the practical application.…”