Relationships of Reference Points, Planes and Skull Symmetry on Posterior-anterior Cephalograms in Healthy Young Adults

Abstract

Background: Radiological cephalometry is an important diagnostic tool for analyzing the shape and proportions of the skull. Standardized teleradiography of the skull in posterior-anterior (PA) projection provides orientation data on the symmetry and vertical relations of the skull. The comparison of individual findings with normal values places high demands on the selection of a control group. The aim of this study was to characterize a group to be used as a standard for cephalometric comparisons. Patients and Methods: PA teleradiographs of 23 healthy young adults were analyzed. Distances from reference measuring points to the median sagittal plane and the orbital horizontal plane were made. All individuals showed ideal occlusion. None of the participants had been subjected to orthodontic therapy or craniomaxillofacial surgery. Results: The measurement results showed a high degree of lateral symmetry of the skeletal reference points and planes. Comparison of the vertical reference lines confirmed the symmetrical constitution of the facial skeleton. Conclusion:The study group is suitable for comparison with the cephalometric evaluations of other study groups. Skull examinations are an essential part of anthropological studies (1). Standardized radiological skull examination is an 2227This article is freely accessible online.

A Posterior-Anterior Cephalometric Study of Skull Symmetry in Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1

“…The main interest of the investigation was the symmetry analysis of bilateral measuring points to reference planes. Symmetry of the bilaterians relative to their long axis is a constitutive characteristic of the taxon (17). Therefore, intra-individual comparisons of bilaterally registered measurement values were carried out on the radiographs.…”

“…The cephalometric measurement results were compared with the data of a control group (n=21, male=15, female=6; mean=23.5 years, minimum=18.5 years, maximum=30.67 years). The group characteristics are described in detail elsewhere (16,17).…”

“…The X-ray examinations were carried out using a Lumex ® cephalostat (B. F. Wehmer Co., Inc., Franklin Park, IL, USA, and Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Equipment and performance of the radiological investigation met the required technical standards in cephalometry (18) and have been described in detail elsewhere (16,17).…”

Yeni̇yetmə Oğlanlarda Bəzi̇ Sefalometri̇k Xətti̇ Və Bucaq Göstəri̇ci̇ləri̇

“…When analyzing the shape and proportions of the skull, cephalometry has recently been used frequently. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of the experimental use of skulls for cephalometric studies in order to avoid errors associated with the layering of the soft tissues of the face [5,6].…”

Dimensión transversal maxilar en adultos clase I esqueletal en tomografía de cráneo completo

“…25 en su análisis postero anterior propuso los puntos MX o Jugales adoptados por muchos autores en diferentes estudios cefalométricos y tomográficos como el de Friedrich et al en 202037 , sobre asimetrías y el de Tamburrino et al. en 201020 en su artículo que analiza las diferentes formas de diagnosticar la discrepancia trasversal de los maxilares.…”