Relationships of Adrenoceptor Polymorphisms with Obesity

Abstract

Obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes are rapidly growing public health problems. Heightened sympathetic nerve activity is a well-established observation in obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Human obesity, hypertension, and diabetes have strong genetic as well as environmental determinants. Reduced energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate are predictive of weight gain, and the sympathetic nervous system participates in regulating energy balance through thermogenesis. The thermogenic effects of catecholamines in obesity are mainly mediated via the β2, and β3-adrenergic receptors in humans. Further, β2-adrenoceptors importantly influence vascular reactivity and may regulate blood pressure. β-adrenoceptor polymorphisms have also been associated with adrenoceptor desensitization, increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. Many epidemiological studies have shown strong relationships between adrenoceptor polymorphisms and obesity, but the observations have been discordant. This paper will discuss the current topics involving the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and β2- and β3-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in obesity.

Cardiovascular and Renal Complications in Obesity and Obesity-Related Medical Conditions: Role of Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Insulin Resistance

“…Further, subjects who had significantly higher levels of plasma norepinephrine had a higher frequency of the Gly16 allele of the β2-adrenoceptor polymorphism [Masuo, et al 2007] (Figure 4). The Gly16 allele of the β2-adrenoceptor polymorphism has been shown to be related to obesity [Masuo, et al 2005[Masuo, et al , 2005a[Masuo, et al , 2005b, hypertension [Masuo, et al 2005a[Masuo, et al , 2005b[Masuo, et al , 2010b[Masuo, et al , 2011c and metabolic syndrome development [Masuo, et al 2005b]. Thus, high plasma norepinephrine levels appear to be a predictor that is determined genetically by the β2-adrenoceptor polymorphism (Arg16Gly) for renal injury, obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.…”

Treatments for Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetes-Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Measurements

“…Recently, contrave, a combination of two approved drugs of bupropio and naltrexone, completed Phase III trials with significant weight loss and was approved by FDA in 2010, but FDA declined to approve contrive due to serious cardiovascular adverse events in 2011 [86]. Importantly, obesity is, at least, in part, determined by genetic backgrounds [87], suggesting that a genetic approach to limiting obesity may find a place in the future.…”

Influence of Beta-2-Adrenergic Receptor Gln27Glu Polymorphism on the Autonomic Heart Rate Modulation in Young Sedentary and Physically Active Women

“…Considering that the participation and function of β2-AR have been widely recognized, a large amount of research is being done regarding the physiological and physiopathological relevance of polymorphisms of receptors in cardiac insufficiency [9], sistemic arterial hypertension [10], obesity [11][12][13] and metabolic syndromes [14].…”