Relationships linking primary production, sea ice melting, and biogenic aerosol in the Arctic

Becagli, Silvia; Lazzara, Luigi; Marchese, Christian; Dayan, Uri; Ascanius, S. E.; Cacciani, Marco; Caiazzo, Laura; Biagio, Claudia Di; Iorio, Tatiana Di; Sarra, Alcide di; Eriksen, P.; Fani, Fabiola; Giardi, Fabio; Meloni, Daniela; Muscari, Giovanni; Pace, Giandomenico; Severi, Mirko; Traversi, Rita; Udisti, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.002

Cited by 74 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Oceanic emissions of DMS are a large contributor to sulfur globally (Gondwe et al, ; Lana et al, ) and in Arctic regions (e.g., Becagli et al, ; Jarníková et al, ; Levasseur, ; Mungall et al, ; Park et al, , ). DMS results from bacterial breakdown of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, which is produced by marine phytoplankton and microalgae (e.g., Carpenter et al, ).…”

Section: Regional Arctic Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol

Willis

Leaitch

Abbatt

2018

Reviews of Geophysics

135

154

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The Arctic region is a harbinger of global change and is warming at a rate higher than the global average. While Arctic warming is driven by increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases' in combination with local feedback mechanisms, short‐lived climate forcing agents, such as tropospheric aerosol, are also important drivers of Arctic climate. Arctic aerosol‐climate impacts vary seasonally as a result of the interplay between aerosol and different cloud types, available solar radiation, sea ice, surface albedo, Arctic and lower latitude removal processes, and atmospheric transport patterns. Photochemistry and efficient wet aerosol removal have low impact in winter but become important in spring to summer, dramatically altering aerosol chemical composition, and driving the size distribution from a pronounced accumulation mode toward a dominance of smaller particles. Retreating sea ice, increasing solar insolation and warmer temperatures in summer result in enhanced emissions from Arctic marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and anthropogenic sources, with impacts on the composition of gas and particle phases. Fractional cloud cover reaches a maximum in Arctic summer, in parallel with decreasing sea ice extent and surface albedo. This seasonal variation corresponds to significant changes in the net cloud radiative effect; changes that are affected by aerosol. This review summarizes our current knowledge of processes that control Arctic aerosol properties. We highlight both natural and anthropogenic processes that will be impacted by current and future sea ice loss. Efforts are needed to better constrain aerosol removal rates, characterize aerosol precursors, and constrain the seasonality and magnitude of aerosol‐cloud‐climate impacts.

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Section: Regional Arctic Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol

Willis

Leaitch

Abbatt

2018

Reviews of Geophysics

135

154

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“…Of particular concern for the Arctic, BC deposited on snow and ice-covered surfaces changes the albedo, leading to increased absorption of solar radiation and direct heating of the surface (Bond et al, 2013). Consequently, melting accelerates, giving BC an important role especially in an Arctic context (Bond et al, 2013;Quinn et al, 2008;AMAP, 2011). Long-range transport of BC to the Arctic is very effective in midwinter, when removal processes are slowest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of aerosols at the High Arctic site Villum Research Station

et al. 2019

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There are limited measurements of the chemical composition, abundance and sources of atmospheric particles in the High Arctic To address this, we report 93 d of soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) data collected from 20 February to 23 May 2015 at Villum Research Station (VRS) in northern Greenland (81 • 36 N). During this period, we observed the Arctic haze phenomenon with elevated PM 1 concentrations ranging from an average of 2.3, 2.3 and 3.3 µg m −3 in February, March and April, respectively, to 1.2 µg m −3 in May. Particulate sulfate (SO 2− 4 ) accounted for 66 % of the non-refractory PM 1 with the highest concentration until the end of April and decreasing in May. The second most abundant species was organic aerosol (OA) (24 %). Both OA and PM 1 , estimated from the sum of all collected species, showed a marked decrease throughout May in accordance with the polar front moving north, together with changes in aerosol removal processes. The highest refractory black carbon (rBC) concentrations were found in the first month of the campaign, averaging 0.2 µg m −3 . In March and April, rBC averaged 0.1 µg m −3 while decreasing to 0.02 µg m −3 in May.Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the OA mass spectra yielded three factors: (1) a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) factor, which was dominated by primary aerosols and accounted for 12 % of OA mass, (2) an Arctic haze organic aerosol (AOA) factor and (3) a more oxygenated marine organic aerosol (MOA) factor. AOA dominated until mid-April (64 %-81 % of OA), while being nearly absent from the end of May and correlated significantly with SO 2− 4 , suggesting the main part of that factor is secondary OA. The MOA emerged late at the end of March, where it increased with solar radiation and reduced sea ice extent and dominated OA for the rest of the campaign until the end of May (24 %-74 % of OA), while AOA was nearly absent. The highest O/C ratio (0.95) and S/C ratio (0.011) was found for MOA. Our data support the current understanding that Arctic aerosols are highly influenced by secondary aerosol formation and receives an important contribution from marine emissions during Arctic spring in remote High ArcticPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 10240 I. E. Nielsen et al.: Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of aerosols at the Villum Research Stationareas. In view of a changing Arctic climate with changing sea-ice extent, biogenic processes and corresponding source strengths, highly time-resolved data are needed in order to elucidate the components dominating aerosol concentrations and enhance the understanding of the processes taking place.

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“…The monthly mean DMS seawater concentrations are prescribed according to Kettle and Andreae (2000), and the flux from the ocean to the 5 atmosphere is calculated following Nightingale et al (2000). Changes in oceanic DMS concentrations are not straightforward to project: taking primary production or SST as a proxy seems not justified since Arctic oceanic DMS concentrations also depend on taxonomic differences in phytoplanktonic assemblages (Becagli et al, 2016). Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model (with ECHAM5-HAM as atmospheric component), the study by Kloster et al (2007) explicitly simulates DMS but only reports changes between the time periods 2061-2090 and 1861-1890, which are not directly comparable to the time periods we 10 are interested in.…”

Section: Aerosol Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How important are future marine and shipping aerosol emissions in warming Arctic summer and autumn?

Gilgen¹,

Huang²,

Ickes³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Future sea ice retreat in the Arctic in summer and autumn is expected to affect both natural and anthropogenic aerosol emissions: sea ice acts as a barrier between the ocean and the atmosphere, and reducing it increases dimethyl sulphide and sea salt emissions. A decrease in the area and thickness of sea ice could in addition lead to enhanced Arctic ship traffic, e.g. to shorten the paths of cargo ships. Changes in the emissions of aerosol particles can then influence cloud properties, precipitation, surface albedo, and radiation. Next to changes in aerosol particles, clouds will also be affected by increases in 5 Arctic temperatures and humidities. In this study, we quantified how future aerosol radiative forcing, aerosol-cloud interactions, and cloud radiative effects might change in the Arctic in late summer (July/August) and early autumn (September/October).Simulations were conducted for the years 2004 and 2050 with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6-HAM2. In 2050, simulations with and without additional ship emissions in the Arctic were carried out to quantify the impact of these emissions on the Arctic climate. 10We found that aerosol number concentrations in the Arctic will generally increase in the future due to enhanced emissions of sea salt as well as dimethyl sulphide. The increase in cloud condensation nuclei will enhance cloud droplet number concentrations over the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, both liquid and total water content will increase since the specific humidity will be enhanced due to higher temperatures and the exposure of the ocean's surface.Changes in both aerosol radiative forcings and cloud radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere will not be dominated by 15 the aerosol particles and clouds themselves but by the decrease in surface albedo (and by the increase in surface temperature for the longwave cloud radiative effect). Due to the reduction in sea ice, the aerosol radiative forcing will become less positive and the cloud radiative effect more negative, i.e. the cooling component of both will gain importance in the future.We found that future Arctic ship emissions related to transport and oil/gas extraction (Peters et al., 2011, ACP) will not have a large impact on clouds and radiation: changes in aerosol concentrations only become significant when we increase 20 these ship emissions by a factor of ten. The net aerosol radiative forcing shows only small, non-significant changes. Enhanced black carbon deposition on snow leads to a significant but very small warming over the central Arctic Ocean in early autumn.Furthermore, the tenfold higher ship emissions increase the optical thickness of low clouds and thus induce a small Twomey effect (cooling) in late summer. This Twomey effect has a considerably larger influence on temperature than the direct effect of particles (both aerosol particles in the atmosphere and particles deposited on snow), but it is more uncertain because of the 25 1 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Relationships linking primary production, sea ice melting, and biogenic aerosol in the Arctic

Cited by 74 publications

References 88 publications

Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol

Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol

Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of aerosols at the High Arctic site Villum Research Station

How important are future marine and shipping aerosol emissions in warming Arctic summer and autumn?

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