“…Several studies have examined relationships for other measures of muscular fitness, including lower body absolute strength (Eler, 2018a;Folland et al, 2012), upper body relative strength (Eklund et al, 2020;Güler, 2018;Kociuba et al, 2017;Kozieł et al, 2017), both lower body power (Eler, 2018a;Güler, 2018;Gümüs ¸& Tutkun, 2018;Hsu et al, 2018;Kociuba et al, 2017;Kozieł et al, 2017) and upper body power (Cho, 2020), and abdominal/core endurance (Kociuba et al, 2017;Kozieł et al, 2017). Collectively, most studies (Cho, 2020;Eklund et al, 2020;Eler, 2018a;Güler, 2018;Hsu et al, 2018;Kociuba et al, 2017;Kozieł et al, 2017) found that 2D:4D was a negligible-tomoderate negative correlate of other measures of muscular fitness, which broadly supports our results. In addition, given that HGS is a powerful marker of sports/ athletic performances requiring substantial force application, further support for our results comes from research showing that individuals with low 2D:4Ds outperform individuals with high 2D:4Ds in collision sports such as American football (Schorer et al, 2013), kabbadi (a contact team sport) (Sudhakar et al, 2014), rugby (Bennett et al, 2010), Greco-Roman wrestling (Keshavarz et al, 2017), and sumo wrestling (Tamiya et al, 2012).…”