Relationships between structural and optical properties of proton-exchanged waveguides on Z-cut lithium niobate

Korkishko, Yu. N.; Fedorov, V. A.; Micheli, Marc de; Baldi, Pascal; Hadi, Kacem El; Leycuras, A.

doi:10.1364/ao.35.007056

Cited by 79 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Reducing further the LB concentration down to 2.2%, the κ 1 -phase layer is reorganized with a maximum intensity at -410" and the κ 2 -phase peak becomes very sharp and intense and seats at -488". Therefore, as expected, reducing the LB concentration results in increasing the deformation and allows κ 1 and κ 2 layers to appear at the surface of the crystal [23,24]. The XRD signal does not go to zero between κ 1 and α-phase peaks, which means that the transition between these phases is a layer where the crystallographic parameter varies gradually.…”

Section: A Crystallographic Investigation By X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…It was demonstrated that the surface layer always presents the largest value of the strain [23]. Starting from the rocking curves we identify the crystallographic phases and also calculate the value of the strain by using (1) and compare them to those reported in literature [23,24].…”

Section: A Crystallographic Investigation By X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…concentration results in increasing the deformation and allows κ 1 and κ 2 layers to appear at the surface of the crystal [23,24]. The XRD signal does not go to zero between κ 1 and α-phase peaks, which means that the transition between these phases is a layer where the crystallographic parameter varies gradually.…”

Section: B Index Profile Reconstruction By M-lines Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Rambu

Apetrei

Doutre

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-High-index contrast waveguides fabricated with precise control and reproducibility are of high interest for nonlinear and/or electro-optical highly efficient and compact devices for quantum and classical optical data processing. Here we present a new process to fabricate planar and channel optical waveguides on lithium niobate substrates that we called High Vacuum Proton Exchange (HiVacPE). The main purpose was to improve the reproducibility and the quality of the produced waveguides by limiting and controlling the water traces in the melt, which is used for the ionic exchange. Moreover, we discovered that, when the acidity of the bath is increased, depending on substrate orientation (Z-cut or X-cut) the waveguides are completely different in term of crystallographic properties, index profiles and nonlinearity. The best-obtained channel waveguides exhibit a refractive index contrast as high as 0.04 without any degradation of the crystal nonlinearity and state of the art propagation losses (0.16dB/cm). We have also demonstrated that the HiVacPE process allows fabricating waveguides on Z-cut substrate with high-index contrast up to 0.11 without degrading the crystal nonlinearity but high strain induced propagation losses. On top of that, we proposed an original and very useful method of analyzing waveguides with complex index profiles. This method can be used for the analysis of any waveguides whose core contains several layers.

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Section: A Crystallographic Investigation By X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: A Crystallographic Investigation By X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Index Profile Reconstruction By M-lines Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Rambu

Apetrei

Doutre

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…Therefore, it can guide light in one polarization, providing strong optical confinement due to its step-index profile. However, waveguides produced by this pure PE process are characterized by temporal instability at room temperature due to the presence of the metastable β-crystallographic phase, a behavior that is typical of structures containing high proton concentrations [288,289]. Furthermore, they usually exhibit relatively high propagation losses However, the annealing process brings with it some unwanted side effects, such as a decrease in the peak refractive index ∆n e of the waveguides, and an asymmetrization of their index profile, which exhibits a maximum value at the surface and decreases monotonically with increasing depth [293].…”

Section: Proton Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it can guide light in one polarization, providing strong optical confinement due to its step-index profile. However, waveguides produced by this pure PE process are characterized by temporal instability at room temperature due to the presence of the metastable β-crystallographic phase, a behavior that is typical of structures containing high proton concentrations [288,289]. Furthermore, they usually exhibit relatively high propagation losses (up to 1 dB·cm -1 ) [288] caused by surface scattering and have severely degraded non-linear coefficients [290,291].…”

Section: Proton Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

193

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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Heterogeneously Integrated Photonics Based on Thin Film Lithium Niobate Platform

Han,

Ruan,

Xiang

2024

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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The emergence of high‐quality thin film lithium niobate on an insulator has opened up new research opportunities in the field of integrated photonics devices. Through heterogeneous integration, it is possible to integrate light sources, electro‐optic modulators, photodetectors, and other key components onto a single chip, achieving multifunctionality. This is an accomplishment beyond the capability of standalone thin film lithium niobate. Heterogeneous integration offers an effective approach to develop photonic integrated circuits based on thin film lithium niobate platform. This review article summarizes recent advances in heterogeneously integrated photonics based on thin film lithium niobate platform. This work provides an overview of basic heterogeneously integrated photonics materials, including silicon, silicon nitride, III–V semiconductors, and 2D materials, and basic devices such as waveguides, grating couplers, lasers, microring resonators, electro‐optic modulators, and photodetectors. This work discusses the operating mechanism, design principle, fabrication methodology, and performance metrics of each device. Finally, this work summarizes the recent key advances in heterogeneously integrated photonics based on thin film lithium niobate platform and addresses the challenges that need to be tackled for the future development.

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Relationships between structural and optical properties of proton-exchanged waveguides on Z-cut lithium niobate

Cited by 79 publications

References 11 publications

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Heterogeneously Integrated Photonics Based on Thin Film Lithium Niobate Platform

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