Relationships between skin temperature and perfusion in the arm and leg

Stoner, H. B.; Barker, Peter B.; Riding, G.; Hazlehurst, D. E.; Taylor, Lloyd A.; Marcuson, R. W.

doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1991.tb00651.x

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In practice, it takes a long time to achieve the steady state, especially in the case where heating of the relatively large skin area of limbs or trunk is used for vasodilatation. This may be a major cause of the poor correlation between perfusion and T sk in the forearm reported in some publications [Stoner et al, 1991]. We have obtained a good correlation between T sk and f b after local application of the vasodilator cream.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: Effect of blood flow

Алексеев

Radzievsky

Szabó

et al. 2005

Bioelectromagnetics

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We investigated the influence of blood perfusion on local heating of the forearm and middle finger skin following 42.25 GHz exposure with an open ended waveguide (WG) and with a YAV mm wave therapeutic device. Both sources had bell-shaped distributions of the incident power density (IPD) with peak intensities of 208 and 55 mW/cm(2), respectively. Blood perfusion was changed in two ways: by blood flow occlusion and by externally applied vasodilator (nonivamide/nicoboxil) cream to the skin. For thermal modeling, we used the bioheat transfer equation (BHTE) and the hybrid bioheat equation (HBHE) which combines the BHTE and the scalar effective thermal conductivity equation (ETCE). Under normal conditions with the 208 mW/cm(2) exposure, the cutaneous temperature elevation (DeltaT) in the finger (2.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C) having higher blood flow was notably smaller than the cutaneous DeltaT in the forearm (4.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C). However, heating of the forearm and finger skin with blood flow occluded was the same, indicating that the thermal conductivity of tissue in the absence of blood flow at both locations was also the same. The BHTE accurately predicted local hyperthermia in the forearm only at low blood flow. The HBHE made accurate predictions at both low and high perfusion rates. The relationship between blood flow and the effective thermal conductivity (k(eff)) was found to be linear. The heat dissipating effect of higher perfusion was mostly due to an apparent increase in k(eff). It was shown that mm wave exposure could result in steady state heating of tissue layers located much deeper than the penetration depth (0.56 mm). The surface DeltaT and heat penetration into tissue increased with enlarging the irradiating beam area and with increasing exposure duration. Thus, mm waves at sufficient intensities could thermally affect thermo-sensitive structures located in the skin and underlying tissue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: Effect of blood flow

Алексеев

Radzievsky

Szabó

et al. 2005

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…There were no statistically signiWcant changes in heart rate in association with cooling in any of the groups. Stoner et al (1991) studied the relationship between skin temperature and blood perfusion in the arm and leg, and found it is only in the digits, palm, and toes that skin temperature can be related to its perfusion. Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of a short period of abstinence from smoking on rewarming patterns of the hands following local cooling

Miland

Mercer

2006

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of a 12 h period of abstinence from smoking in young and old habitual smokers, on skin rewarming patterns of a hand following local cooling. This was done by comparing changes in peripheral circulation, measured indirectly by monitoring changes in skin surface temperatures of the hand with both infrared (IR) thermography and thermocouples before, during and after immersing the right hand for 2 min in water at 10 degrees C. Included in the study were young male non-smokers (n = 14) and smokers (n = 13), and elderly non-smokers (n = 12) and smokers (n = 14). The results showed no statistically significant difference between young non-smokers and smokers when comparing their response to the local cold challenge. The elderly smokers had a significantly higher hand skin temperature prior to cooling (34.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C) and after 80% rewarming (32.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C) (i.e. when the skin temperature in the "cooled" hand has regained 80% of the cold induced drop in temperature), compared to elderly non-smokers (33.3 +/- 0.2 and 31.3 +/- 0.2 degrees C, respectively). The elderly smoking subjects also had a faster recovery after cooling (9.7 +/- 0.8 min) than the elderly non-smoking subjects (16.7 +/- 2.6 min). A follow-up study with seven elderly smokers, who had smoked as usual until 2 h before the experiment, showed responses lying between the non-smokers and smokers who had had a longer period of abstinence (12 h) from smoking. In conclusion, we have demonstrated using IR-thermal imaging that elderly subjects who have smoked for many years have slightly warmer hand skin temperature when they abstain from smoking. Even a period of abstinence from smoking of a few hours can affect the way in which elderly subjects respond to a local cold challenge, recovering more rapidly then their non-smoking counterparts.

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“…This arterial and venous juxtaposition promotes efficient heat and solute exchange via a countercurrent system analogous to that in numerous fish, bird, mammal, and human systems [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Varicoceles-or dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cord-probably alter the efficacy of heat transfer within the testes.…”

Section: Temperature Elevationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility

2001

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Varicocele is the most commonly identifiable, surgically correctable lesion associated with male-factor infertility. Surgical correction of a varicocele, whether unilateral or bilateral, results in improvement not only in semen parameters but also in spontaneous and assisted pregnancy rates. Varicoceles seem to induce a number of changes in the testicular microenvironment. These alterations in temperature, hemodynamics, and reactive oxidative species and antioxidant concentrations have been demonstrated to produce deleterious effects on spermatogenesis. However, despite current knowledge in the pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility, the exact mechanism--or mechanisms--by which varicoceles impair fertility remains elusive. This review examines scientific evidence regarding the pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility.

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Relationships between skin temperature and perfusion in the arm and leg

Cited by 35 publications

References 18 publications

Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: Effect of blood flow

Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: Effect of blood flow

Effect of a short period of abstinence from smoking on rewarming patterns of the hands following local cooling

The pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility

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