Relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality for infants and toddlers in China: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

AimCurrently young children have more opportunity to access all kinds of media, while their sleep duration has been steadily decreasing. However, little is known about the relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality, and the reasons of screen viewing for children under three years old in China. This study aimed to describe the relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality of infants and toddlers in mainland China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted. Eight hundred twenty-seven children were recruited at a health care unit from a university affiliated hospital in China, and the questionnaires were completed by their parents. An extended Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire and a Screen Viewing Questionnaire were used to collect information on children's sleep quality and screen viewing. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality among infants and toddlers, adjusted for sociodemographic variables.ResultsOf the 827 children, 26.9% of the infants and 61.4% of the toddlers did not comply with the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on screen time. Even after adjusting for the sociodemographic covariates for both infants and toddlers, negative relationships between screen time and total sleep time (P < 0.001), and screen time and nighttime sleep (P < 0.001) existed. TV viewing time was negatively related to infants' total sleep time (β = −0.15, P < 0.001) and toddlers' nighttime sleep (β = −0.1, P < 0.05). Smartphone viewing time was negatively related to toddlers' total sleep time (β = −0.12, P < 0.05) and daytime sleep (β = −0.22, P < 0.05). Parents who offered screen media for children when they needed to do house chores were more likely to report that their children had less total sleep time (β = −0.1, P < 0.05) and shorter longest sleep episode (β = −0.1, P < 0.05).ConclusionThe majority of toddlers did not meet the WHO guidelines on screen time in China. Screen time was negatively related to total sleep time and nighttime sleep among infants and toddlers. Practical strategies, such as education programs on children's screen viewing, more outdoor exercises and indoor parent-child activities, providing other educational materials instead of screening, early sleep, restricted use of TVs and smartphones, and screen co-viewing, are needed to improve young children's sleep quality and promote their development.

Screen Time and Its Health Consequences in Children and Adolescents

“…Moreover, a questionnaire-based study found that ST influences sleep in infants and toddlers. No ST was linked with more total sleep time compared to any duration of ST in children aged 0-2 yo [57]. Toddlers also seem to be affected by excessive ST. More than 1 h daily of TV led to increased sleep problems.…”

Suboptimal movement behaviours among children under two years old in early childhood education institutions in urban China: A cross-sectional study

“…However, we also found that the proportion of meeting ST recommendations in children who attended ECE classes is lower than in those who did not. Different from Western countries, parents in Asia believe that ST benefits their children’s learning [ 33 ]. Similarly, evidence has shown screen viewing for education was the greatest motivation for parents who reported not meeting guidelines [ 34 ].…”

Unsupervised Screen Exposure and Poor Language Development: A Scoping Review to Assess Current Evidence and Suggest Priorities for Research

“…Excessive screen time affects the quality of sleep, by disrupting melatonin secretion due to blue-light emission, which may manifest with delayed onset of sleep, frequent awakenings, and nightmares, resulting in an abnormal sleep pattern [ 15 , 22 , 38 ]. A study by Lin et al revealed a negative correlation between screen exposure and total and nighttime sleep for infants and toddlers alike [ 38 ].…”

“…Excessive screen time affects the quality of sleep, by disrupting melatonin secretion due to blue-light emission, which may manifest with delayed onset of sleep, frequent awakenings, and nightmares, resulting in an abnormal sleep pattern [ 15 , 22 , 38 ]. A study by Lin et al revealed a negative correlation between screen exposure and total and nighttime sleep for infants and toddlers alike [ 38 ]. Moreover, excess screen time promotes a sedentary lifestyle for children, reducing the time they spend on outdoor or other indoor physical activities, that otherwise help towards building a healthy sleep pattern [ 38 ].…”

“…A study by Lin et al revealed a negative correlation between screen exposure and total and nighttime sleep for infants and toddlers alike [ 38 ]. Moreover, excess screen time promotes a sedentary lifestyle for children, reducing the time they spend on outdoor or other indoor physical activities, that otherwise help towards building a healthy sleep pattern [ 38 ].…”