Relationships between neuropsychological and antisaccade measures in multiple sclerosis patients

Ferreira, Marisa Borges; Pereira, Paulo A. A.; Parreira, Marta; Sousa, Inês; Figueiredo, José Fernando de Castro; Cerqueira, João José; Macedo, António Filipe

doi:10.7717/peerj.5737

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Thirdly, examining one behaviour (the saccade) within the one sensorimotor system (the ocular motor system) eliminates confounds that might arise from tasks using different sensorimotor modalities (e.g., button presses). Fourthly, and perhaps most important, the antisaccade offers advantages over other typically used measures of inhibition involving multiple cognitive domains (e.g., STROOP), allowing for a more selective examination of attentional control 17 . Finally, as our two tasks are identical at the behavioural level (both require an eye movement toward a peripheral www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ location), we are able to examine how sleep and circadian timing impact low-level (bottom up, stimulus-driven) and high-level (top down, goal-directed) attentional control in the absence of many task confounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We, and others, have utilised the antisaccade task to measure attentional inhibitory control with different clinical disorders and/or under different task conditions [15][16][17][18][19] . The task requires the participant to inhibit a reflexive response toward a peripheral visual stimulus, and instead direct their gaze to the mirror opposite location.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anti-saccade has been widely used to assess cognitive control in clinical populations, given that the neural correlates of these saccadic movements are well understood. As other inhibitory tasks rely on other motor responses, such as a button press, the antisaccade task is proposed as a more selective, independent measure of attentional inhibitory control 17 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Differential Impact of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Timing on Reflexive Versus Inhibitory Control of Attention

Collet

Ftouni

Clough

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In a visually stimulating environment with competing stimuli, we continually choose where to allocate attention, and what to ignore. Wake and circadian-dependent modulation of attentional control and resolution of conflict is poorly understood. Twenty-two participants (17males; 25.6 ± 5.6 years) completed ocular motor tasks throughout 40 hours of sleep deprivation under constant routine conditions. A prosaccade task required a reflexive saccade toward a stimulus (no conflict), while an antisaccade task required inhibiting a reflexive saccade to the peripheral stimulus, and looking in the mirror opposite instead (conflict resolution). Antisaccade inhibitory errors showed circadian modulation, being highest in the morning, progressively decreasing until melatonin onset, before returning to the prior morning's peak throughout the biological night. This diurnal rhythm was blunted by sleep loss (>24 hours), with inhibitory control remaining impaired across the second biological day. For prosaccade, responses slowed down during the biological night. Taken together, we provide evidence for a circadian modulation of attentional bias: the morning being biased toward reflexive responding, and the evening toward higher inhibitory control. Our data show that sleep loss and circadian timing differentially impact attention, depending on whether a response conflict is present (antisaccade) or absent (prosaccade). The capacity to remain vigilant to the environment, and able to quickly respond to relevant stimuli, is critically important to many modern-day activities, such as driving and surveillance of safety-critical systems. The need for a rapid response to relevant stimuli however, must be balanced against the need to inhibit automatic responses toward distractors (e.g., avoid looking at a flashing billboard while driving). Continual resolution of this conflict, between whether to respond to an external stimulus or to inhibit the response toward it, forms the executive component of attention allocation 1 and is critical to many higher order cognitive functions 2. The wake-and circadian-modulation of sustained attention has been well characterised 3-5 using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. In healthy, well-rested individuals performance on this task remains stable across the waking day, followed by a sharp reduction in sustained attention when wakefulness extends beyond 16 hours awake 5,6. This is due to a combination of both wake (e.g., extended time awake without sleep) and circadian factors (e.g., the drive for sleep during the biological night). While this provides information regarding the capacity to continually monitor and respond to a single stimulus, less is known about wake-and circadian-dependent changes in the resolution of conflict when faced with competing demands, or more specifically on attentional inhibitory control. From an evolutionary perspective, the circadian regulation of attentional inhibitory control is not only plausible, but advantageous. For instance, an optimal balance between respond (e.g., reactiv...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Differential Impact of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Timing on Reflexive Versus Inhibitory Control of Attention

Collet

Ftouni

Clough

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Other studies showed the same good relationship between the AS responses and neuropsychological measures of EFs in clinical populations (Hutton, 2008;Heuer et al, 2013) that typically showed executive impairments, such as dementia (Boxer et al, 2006) and schizophrenia (Hutton et al, 2004;Levy et al, 2004). Recently, Ferreira and colleagues showed that patients with MS have higher error rates and prolonged latency than controls in the AS parameters (Ferreira et al, 2018). Thus, AST may be a selective and independent measure to investigate inhibitory control in MS.…”

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple and Effective Way to Study Executive Functions by Using 360° Videos

et al. 2021

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Executive dysfunctions constitute a significant public health problem due to their high impact on everyday life and personal independence. Therefore, the identification of early strategies to assess and rehabilitate these impairments appears to be a priority. The ecological limitations of traditional neuropsychological tests and the numerous difficulties in administering tests in real-life scenarios have led to the increasing use of virtual reality (VR) and 360° environment-based tools for assessing executive functions (EFs) in real life. This perspective aims at proposing the development and implementation of Executive-functions Innovative Tool 360° (EXIT 360°), an innovative, enjoyable, and ecologically valid tool for a multidimensional and multicomponent evaluation of executive dysfunctions. EXIT 360° allows a complete and integrated executive functioning assessment through an original task for EFs delivered via a mobile-powered VR headset combined with eye tracker (ET) and electroencephalograms (EEG). Our tool is born as a 360°-based instrument, easily accessible and clinically usable, that will radically transform clinicians’ and patient’s assessment experience. In EXIT 360°, patients are engaged in a “game for health,” where they must perform everyday subtasks in 360° daily life environments. In this way, the clinicians can obtain quickly more ecologically valid information about several aspects of EFs (e.g., planning, problem-solving). Moreover, the multimodal approach allows completing the assessment of EFs by integrating verbal responses, reaction times, and physiological data (eye movements and brain activation). Overall, EXIT 360° will allow obtaining simultaneously and in real time more information about executive dysfunction and its impact in real life, allowing clinicians to tailor the rehabilitation to the subject’s needs.

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“…Saccadic velocity is not subject to voluntary control (Leigh & Zee, 1999), unlike saccadic amplitude or fixation duration. Thus it represents the underlying neural activity more accurately than other gaze parameters (Bower et al, 2005;Ferreira et al, 2017). Saccadic eye movements and their neurological control signals change significantly as the human subject fatigues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oculomotor fatigue and neuropsychological assessments mirror multiple sclerosis fatigue

Zangemeister

Heesen

Röhr

et al. 2020

JEMR

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Fatigue is a major complaint in MS. Up to now no objective assessment tools have been established which hampers any treatment approach. Previous work has indicated an association of fatigue with cognitive measures of attention. Oculomotor tests have been established in healthy individuals as a read-out of fatigue, and to some extent in MS patients. Based on these observations we compared two groups of MS patients, one with fatigue (n=28) and one without fatigue (n=21) and a group of healthy subjects (n=15) with a stand- ardised computerised measure of alertness and an oculomotor stress test. Patients with fatigue showed highly significant changes of their saccade dynamics as defined by the Main Sequence and Phase Plane plots: They showed slowing of saccades, the characteristical fatigue double peak, and an asymmetrical phase plane. Oculomotor tests differentiated significantly between fatigue and fatigabiliy in our MS patients. They also showed significantly worse performance in the alertness test as well as in the oculomotor task. Significantly slower reaction times were observed for tonic alertness in 2 series without a cue (p=.025 and p=.037) but not in phasic alertness with a cue (p=.24 and p=.34). Performance was influenced by disability as well as by affective state. We conclude, when controlling for disability and depression, saccadic stress tests and alertness tests could be used as an objective read-out for fatigability and fatigue in MS patients.

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Relationships between neuropsychological and antisaccade measures in multiple sclerosis patients

Cited by 9 publications

References 67 publications

Differential Impact of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Timing on Reflexive Versus Inhibitory Control of Attention

Differential Impact of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Timing on Reflexive Versus Inhibitory Control of Attention

A Simple and Effective Way to Study Executive Functions by Using 360° Videos

Oculomotor fatigue and neuropsychological assessments mirror multiple sclerosis fatigue

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