Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs

Menichini, Edoardo; Iacovella, Nicola; Monfredini, Fabio; Turrio-Baldassarri, Luigi

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.041

Cited by 57 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…PCB-containing materials were found to still release PCBs in homes since the indoor PCB concentrations were constantly higher than outdoors, approximately by a factor of 2-50 circa (Menichini et al [14]). The indoor concentrations of Σ 62 PCBs varied between 6.5 and 33 ng/m 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PBDEs and PCBs in European occupational environments and their health effects

Liakos

Sarigiannis

Gotti

2009

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been widely used in numerous applications for the retardation of fires. In this effort the indoor air concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in European environments, obtained from various research studies, are gathered, analysed and evaluated. Specific microenvironments and materials used in indoor buildings appear to influence the concentration of flame retardants. Even though PBDEs and PCBs in Europe were found at low concentrations, there are some indoor environments presenting elevated levels of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Congener PBDE 209 is the most abundant in every studied environment. The extensive use of electrical devices increases the PBDEs concentration. High PBDE and PCB concentrations were found in the UK due to the strict fire regulations in this country. High PCB concentrations in indoor air were detected in buildings reinforced with concrete, as well as in schools, industrial and public buildings and in recycling plants. HFRs have shown that they are linked with various diseases including cancer, immune, neurological, endocrine, and reproductive effects and chlorance. Limitation and/or banning of HFRs is ongoing by many organisations and countries and the need for a universal approach is required.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PBDEs and PCBs in European occupational environments and their health effects

Liakos

Sarigiannis

Gotti

2009

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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“…As similar to the study, Kim et al (2013) contains the measurement for once (24 hours) per facility not in winter, but from June to October and the result does not measure the outdoor air quality. Therefore, it is estimated that the indoor sources of pollution and indoor in the public facilities affect more than the seasonal effect (Zhang and Tao, 2008) (Menichini et al, 2007). The distribution of PAHs between both phases predominantly depends on the physical characteristics of the compounds and physical conditions such as temperature and humidity (Lu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Distribution Of Pah Compounds In Gaseous and Particulate Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the risk level shows difference depending on the features in the studies including the characteristics of the source of pollution in the indoor environment, smoking and external air (Wang et al, 2013;Zhou and Zhao, 2012;Zhang et al, 2009;Menichini et al, 2007;Ohura et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2002). The limitation in the study is that the number of total samples is not enough and the risk assessment assumes the exposure for 24 hours in the facilities.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, the information on the source of pollution for indoor air is insufficient and it is known that the indoor sources of the PAHs are smoking (Mitra and Ray, 1995) and heating. However, it is generally reported that the indoor PAH concentration with insufficient information on the source of pollution is higher than the outdoor air with well-known source of pollu-tion (Zhang et al, 2009;Menichini et al, 2007;Li et al, 2005;Li and Ro, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Exposure and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) via Public Facilities PM2.5, Korea (II)

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Yang³

et al. 2014

ajae

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The purpose of the study is to evaluate the pollution level (gaseous and particle phase) in the public facilities for the PAHs, non-regulated materials, forecast the risk level by the health risk assessment (HRA) and propose the guideline level. PAH assessments through sampling of particulate matter of diameter ⁄ ⁄2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ). The user and worker exposure scenario for the PAHs consists of 24-hour exposure scenario (WIES) assuming the worst case and the normal exposure scenario (MIES) based on the survey. This study investigated 20 PAH substances selected out of 32 substances known to be carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic. The risk assessment applies major toxic equivalency factor (TEF) proposed from existing studies and estaimates individual Excess Cancer Risk (ECR). The study assesses the fine dusts (PM 2.5 ) and the exposure levels of the gaseous and particle PAH materials for 6 spots in each 8 facility, e.g. underground subway stations, child-care facilities, elderly care facilities, super market, indoor parking lot, terminal waiting room, internet café (PCrooms), movie theater. For internet café (PC-rooms) in particular, that marks the highest PM 2.5 concentration and the average concentration of 10 spots (2 spots for each cafe) is 73.3 μg/m 3 (range: 6.8-185.2 μg/m 3 ). The high level of PM 2.5 seen in internet cafes was likely due to indoor smoking in most cases. For the gaseous PAHs, the detection frequency for 4-5 rings shows high and the elements with 6 rings shows low frequency. For the particle PAHs, the detection frequency for 2-3 rings shows low and the elements with 6 rings show high frequency. As a result, it is investigated that the most important PAHs are the naphthalene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene from the study of Kim et al. (2013) and this annual study. The health risk assessment demonstrates that each facility shows the level of 10 --6 -10 --4 . Considering standards and local source of pollution levels, it is judged that the management standard of the benzo (a)pyrene, one of the PAHs, shall be managed with the range of 0.5-1.2 ng/m 3 . Smoking and ventilation were considered as the most important PAHs exposure associated with public facility PM 2.5 . This study only estimated for inhalation health risk of PAHs and focused on the associated cancer risk, while multiple measurements would be necessary for public health and policy.

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“…이러한 저분자 PAHs 가운데 가장 대표적인 물질인 naphthalene을 비롯하여 벤젠고리 2개를 함유하고 있는 acenaphthylene 및 acenaphthene 역시 일반 대기환경에서는 거의 대부분이 증기상으 로 존재하는 것으로 보고되었다 (Conde et al, 2005;Lu et al, 2005). PAHs 가운데 가장 관심사가 높은 benzo(a)pyrene (이하 BaP)의 경우 발암물질이라는 측 면에서 인체 위해도가 높아 이에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어졌으나 총 PAHs 중 미미한 부분을 차지하고 있다 (Menichini et al, 2007;Lobscheid et al, 2007;Eiguren-Fernandez et al, 2004;Baek, 1999). 그러나 naphthalene의 경우에는 BaP에 비해 독성은 낮으나 도시대기 중에 만연해 있으며, 실내•외 모든 환경에 서 검출되고 있다 (Lu et al, 2005;Li and Ro, 2000;Chuang et al, 1999).…”

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Application of Adsorption Sampling and Thermal Desorption with GC/MS Analysis for the Measurement of Low-Molecular Weight PAHs in Ambient Air

Seo¹,

Seo²,

Hwang³

et al. 2014

Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been of particular concern since they are present both in the vapor and particulate phases in ambient air. In this study, a simple method was applied to determine the vapor phase PAHs, and the performance of the new method was evaluated with a conventional method. The simple method was based on adsorption sampling and thermal desorption with GC/MS analysis, which is generally applied to the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air. A combination of Carbotrap (300 mg) and Carbotrap-C (100 mg) sorbents was used as the adsorbent. Target compounds included two rings PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene. Among them, naphthalene was listed as one of the main HAPs together with a number of VOCs in petroleum refining industries in the USA. For comparison purposes, a method based on adsorption sampling and solvent extraction with GC/MS analysis was adopted, which is in principle same as the NIOSH 5515 method. The performance of the adsorption sampling and thermal desorption method was evaluated with respect to repeatabilities, detection limits, linearities, and storage stabilities for target compounds. The analytical repeatabilities of standard samples are all within 20%. Lower detection limits was estimated to be less than 0.1 ppbv. In the results from comparison studies between two methods for real air samples. Although the correlation coefficients were more than 0.9, a systematic difference between the two groups was revealed by the paired t-test (α= =0.05). Concentrations of two-rings PAHs determined by adsorption and thermal desorption method consistently higher than those by solvent extraction method. The difference was caused by not only the poor sampling efficiencies of XAD-2 for target PAHs and but also sample losses during the solvent

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Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs

Cited by 57 publications

References 30 publications

PBDEs and PCBs in European occupational environments and their health effects

PBDEs and PCBs in European occupational environments and their health effects

Indoor Exposure and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) via Public Facilities PM2.5, Korea (II)

Application of Adsorption Sampling and Thermal Desorption with GC/MS Analysis for the Measurement of Low-Molecular Weight PAHs in Ambient Air

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