Relationships between body temperatures and inflammation indicators under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in pigs exposed to systemic lipopolysaccharide and dietary deoxynivalenol

Abstract

SummaryWe studied the constancy of the relationship between rectal and intraabdominal temperature as well as their linkage to inflammatory markers (leucocyte counts, kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (Kyn-Trp ratio), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in healthy and in pigs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or deoxynivalenol (DON). Barrows (n = 44) were fed 4 weeks either a DON-contaminated (4.59 mg DON/kg feed) or a control (CON) diet and equipped with an intraabdominal temperature logger and a multicatheter system (V.portae hepatis, V.lienalis, Vv.jugulares) facilitating infusion of 0.9% NaCl (CON) or LPS (7.5 μg/kg BW) and simultaneous blood sampling. Body temperatures were measured and blood samples taken every 15 min for leucocyte counts, TNF-α and Kyn-Trp ratio. Combination of diet and infusion created six groups: CON_CON jug .-CON por. , CON_CON jug. -LPS por. , CON_LPS jug. -CON por. , DON_CON jug. -CON por. , DON_CON jug. -LPS por. , DON_LPS jug. -CON por. . The relationship between both temperatures was not uniform for all conditions. Linear regression revealed that an intraabdominal increase per 1°C increase in rectal temperature was ~25% higher in all LPS-infused pigs compared to NaCl-infusion, albeit diet and site of LPS infusion modified the magnitude of this difference. Inflammatory markers were only strongly present under LPS influence and showed a significant relationship with body temperatures. For example, leucocyte counts in clinically inconspicuous animals were only significantly correlated to core temperature in DON-fed pigs, but in all LPSinfused groups, irrespective of diet and temperature method. In conclusion, the gradient between body core and rectal temperature is constant in clinically inconspicuous pigs, but not under various pathophysiological conditions. In the latter, measurement of inflammatory markers seems to be a useful completion. | MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment | ExperimentThe general experimental set-up, including the infusion protocol (experimental groups), sampling and temperature measurement, is depicted in Figure 1. | 243 TESCH T alThis study was conducted using a total of 44 male castrated pigs (German Landrace, Mariensee, Germany) with an initial mean body weight (BW) of 25.8 ± 3.7 kg. Animals were divided in two feeding groups (CON diet and DON diet) and were fed restrictively twice a day over a 4-week period with equal quantities (2 × 700 g/pig and day; (Oldenburg, Bramm, & Valenta, 2007)).On day 27, pigs were surgically equipped with arterial (Arteria carotis communis) and venous catheters for infusions (Vena jugularis externa, V. splenica) and sampling from post-hepatic area (V. jugularis interna) as well as from portal drained viscera (V. portae hepatis; Figure 1). In addition, a temperature logger for frequent body core measurement was incorporated to the abdominal cavity and sutured on the right site of the intraabdominal wall. Surgery took place under sterile conditions and general anaesthesia as described in detail previously . After a post-ope...

The Effect of LPS and Ketoprofen on Cytokines, Brain Monoamines, and Social Behavior in Group-Housed Pigs

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“…The investigation was carried out in the framework of a larger animal experiment analysing further aspects of DON feeding and LPS challenge. [11][12][13][14][15] Materials and methods…”

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“…Furthermore, despite our study did not include physiological parameters, Warris et al (33) also reported a positive correlation between the temperature of the inside surface of the ear and the activity of serum creatine kinase, as well as between concentrations of serum cortisol and blood temperature, suggesting that the hotter pigs were suffering from higher levels of stress. Stress (46,47) and inflammation (48) cause an increase in body temperature. Stress (49) and fever (36) significantly elevate the skin temperature in pigs, although with a delay compared to rectal temperature.…”