Relationships between autistic-like and schizotypy traits: An analysis using the Autism Spectrum Quotient and Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences

Russell-Smith, Suzanna N.; Maybery, Murray T.; Bayliss, Donna M.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.027

Cited by 73 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Individuals are provided with 50 statements and asked to indicate on a 4-point scale how well each statement applies to them (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). The items were scored on a scale ranging from 1 to 4, on the basis of previous research, according to which this scoring method retains more information about responses than does dichotomous scoring that was first proposed for this instrument (Baron-Cohen et al , 2001; Austin, 2005; Stewart and Austin, 2009; Russell-Smith et al , 2011). Scores for each item are summed to provide the total AQ, with higher scores indicating greater autistic-like traits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factor analyses of the AQ in several countries have consistently identified three clear factors, related to social ability, attention to detail/patterns, and the understanding of others. In the current study, we divided items into the subscales identified in a study of Western Australian adults (Russell-Smith et al , 2011) who were highly similar to the sample under investigation here: Social Skills, Details/Patterns, and Communication/Mindreading. There is minimal difference between the items in these subscales and those reported in other factor analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MACROD2 gene associated with autistic-like traits in a general population sample

Jones

Cadby

Blangero

et al. 2014

Psychiatric Genetics

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There is now substantial evidence that autistic-like traits in the general population lie on a continuum, with clinical autism spectrum disorders (ASD) representing the extreme end of this distribution. In this study, we sought to evaluate five independently identified genetic associations with ASD with autistic-like traits in the general population. In the study cohort, clinical phenotype and genomewide association genotype data were obtained from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. The outcome measure used was the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a quantitative measure of autistic-like traits of individuals in the cohort. Total AQ scores were calculated for each individual, as well as scores for three subscales. Five candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with ASD, reported in previously published genomewide association studies, were selected using a nominal cutoff value of P less than 1.0 × 10−5. We tested whether these five SNPs were associated with total AQ and the subscales, after adjustment for possible confounders. SNP rs4141463 located in the macro domain containing 2 (MACROD2) gene was significantly associated with the Communication/Mindreading subscale. No other SNP was significantly associated with total AQ or the subscales. The MACROD2 gene is a strong positional candidate risk factor for autistic-like traits in the general population.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MACROD2 gene associated with autistic-like traits in a general population sample

Jones

Cadby

Blangero

et al. 2014

Psychiatric Genetics

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show abstract

“…Individuals are provided with 50 statements and asked to indicate on a 4-point scale how well that statement applies to them (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). The items were scored on a scale ranging from 1 to 4, based on previous research that this scoring method retains more information about responses than the dichotomous scoring first proposed for this instrument (Baron-Cohen et al, 2001; Austin, 2005; Stewart and Austin, 2009; Russell-Smith et al, 2011). Scores on each item are summed to provide a Total AQ, with higher scores indicating greater autistic-like traits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Association Study of Autistic-Like Traits in a General Population Study of Young Adults

Jones¹,

Cadby²,

Melton³

et al. 2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Lay abstract: It has been proposed that autistic-like traits in the general population lie on a continuum, with clinical Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), representing the extreme end of this distribution. The current study undertook a genome-wide association (GWA) scan of 965 young Western Australian adults to identify novel risk variants associated with autistic-like traits. No associations reached genome-wide significance; however, a review of nominally associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicated two positional candidate loci that have been previously implicated in autistic-like trait etiology.Scientific abstract: Research has proposed that autistic-like traits in the general population lie on a continuum, with clinical ASD representing the extreme end of this distribution. Inherent in this proposal is that biological mechanisms associated with clinical ASD may also underpin variation in autistic-like traits within the general population. A GWA study using 2,462,046 SNPs was undertaken for ASD in 965 individuals from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. No SNP associations reached genome-wide significance (p < 5.0 × 10−8). However, investigations into nominal observed SNP associations (p < 1.0 × 10−5) add support to two positional candidate genes previously implicated in ASD etiology, PRKCB1, and CBLN1. The rs198198 SNP (p = 9.587 × 10−6), is located within an intron of the protein kinase C, beta 1 (PRKCB1) gene on chromosome 16p11. The PRKCB1 gene has been previously reported in linkage and association studies for ASD, and its mRNA expression has been shown to be significantly down regulated in ASD cases compared with controls. The rs16946931 SNP (p = 1.78 × 10−6) is located in a region flanking the Cerebellin 1 (CBLN1) gene on chromosome 16q12.1. The CBLN1 gene is involved with synaptogenesis and is part of a gene family previously implicated in ASD. This GWA study is only the second to examine SNPs associated with autistic-like traits in the general population, and provides evidence to support roles for the PRKCB1 and CBLN1 genes in risk of clinical ASD.

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“…We calculated scores for overall AQ and three subfactors: social skills, Details/Patterns, and Communication/Mind Reading (Hurst et al 2007;Russell-Smith et al 2011). Handedness was assessed using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield 1971).…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individuals with Autistic-Like Traits Show Reduced Lateralization on a Greyscales Task

English

Maybery

Visser

2015

J Autism Dev Disord

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Individuals with autism spectrum conditions attend less to the left side of centrally presented face stimuli compared to neurotypical individuals, suggesting a reduction in right hemisphere activation. We examined whether a similar bias exists for non-facial stimuli in a large sample of neurotypical adults rated above-or belowaverage on the autism spectrum quotient (AQ). Using the ''greyscales'' task, we found the typical leftward bias in the below-average group was significantly reduced in the above-average group. Moreover, a negative correlation between leftward bias and the social skills factor of the AQ suggested a link between atypical hemispheric activation and social difficulties in high-AQ trait individuals that extends to non-facial stimuli.

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Relationships between autistic-like and schizotypy traits: An analysis using the Autism Spectrum Quotient and Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences

Cited by 73 publications

References 21 publications

MACROD2 gene associated with autistic-like traits in a general population sample

MACROD2 gene associated with autistic-like traits in a general population sample

Genome-Wide Association Study of Autistic-Like Traits in a General Population Study of Young Adults

Individuals with Autistic-Like Traits Show Reduced Lateralization on a Greyscales Task

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