Relationships among Flowering Phenology, Insect Visitors, and Seed‐Set of Individuals: Experimental Studies on Four Co‐occurring Species of Goldenrod (Solidago: Compositae)

Abstract

Four co—occurring species of goldenrod bloom at different times with varying degrees of overlap; in order of peak flowering they are Solidago juncea, S. graminifolia, S. canadensis, and S. nemoralis. All four species are self—incompatible and require an insect vector for successful seed—set. First, the relationship between flowering time and seed—set of individual plants of these four species was determined. All four species of Solidago had significant differences in both the percentage of filled seeds and the total seed—set of clones that flowered at different times. Early—flowering clones had lower seed—set than did late—flowering clones in S. canadensis, S. graminifolia, and S. nemoralis. In contrast, early—flowering ramets of S. juncea had significantly greater seed—set than did late—flowering ramets. Secondly, the underlying factors limiting seed—set were investigated by observational and experimental techniques, in order to lend insight into the processes which can select for flowering time in natural plant populations. The abundance of pollinators on goldenrods and other plant species and the abundance of flower predators were monitored over the season. Experimental hand—pollinations were performed on individual plants of each species over the entire flowering season, to determine if seed—set was limited by the amount of pollen reaching stigmas or by factors intrinsic to individual plants which flowered at different times. Apis mellifera, the introduced honeybee, is the major pollinator of goldenrods in this system. The major factor influencing the relative abundances of honeybees on these four species of goldenrod seemed to be overlap among the flowering periods of the goldenrods and those of several introduced plant species. Apis began visiting goldenrods at a point when the abundance of flowers in the weedy flora had declined greatly. The flowering period of S. juncea overlapped almost entirely with the flowering periods of several species in the weedy summer flora. This appears to explain the lack of Apis visits to S. juncea, which was visited only by small, native bees and beetles. However, the results from experimental pollinations suggest that seed production of S. juncea was at its potential maximum throughout the flowering season. In early—flowering clones of S. graminifolia, the natural seed—set was significantly lower (by 57%) than the maximum potential seed—set determined from experimental pollinations, but in late—flowering clones there was no differences between actual and potential seed—set. Of the reduction from potential seed—set in early—flowering clones, the low frequency of honeybee visits was estimated to account for most of the loss, and flower predation by the blister beetles, Epicauta pennsylvanica, accounted for the remainder. In S. canadensis, the seed—set of both hand—pollinated and control flowers was greater in late—relative to early—flowering clones of S. canadensis (i.e., late—flowering clones had greater physiological potential for seed production). The differences in the see...

The mating system and genetic structure in a disjunct population of the seaside goldenrod Solidago sempervirens L. (Asteraceae)

“…Similar to other species of Solidago (Gross and Werner, 1983), S. sempervirens is selfincompatible (Goodwin, 1937;1944) consist of a few areas with several hundred individuals growing on saline soils associated with brine wells and salt-mine activity (Catling and MacKay, 1980). Brine wells have been in continuous operation in this area since about 1893 (Sanford, 1957).…”

Fenología floral de una comunidad árido-tropical de Baja California Sur, México

“…Se ha tratado de probar que la incidencia y la intensidad de la floración modula selectivamente variables como la abundancia de fauna (polinizadores y sus predadores), así como la competencia intra e interespecífica de insectos por polen y néctar (Waser, 1979;Thomson, 1980;Zimmerman, 1987;Gross y Werner, 1983;Fenster, 1991). Adicionalmente, se ha abordado el efecto que los factores ambientales ejercen sobre este evento (Hodgkin y Quinn, 1978;Dieringer, 1991); las interacciones mutualistas planta-insecto (Waser y Real, 1979;Herrera, 1993;Scott et al, 1993); y la relación entre la dispersión de polen y el entrecruzamiento genético de los vegetales (Waller, 1979).…”

The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Solidago nemoralis Ait.

“…Flowering phenology was nearly synchronous with that of S. canadensis, but peak bloom occurred approximately 7-10 d later than for E. graminifolia (Hurlbert 1970;Gross and Werner 1983). Late-flowering ramets of S. nemoralis flower longer than early-flowering ramets do (12 vs. 10 d) and seed set may differ between ramets with the respective phenologies.…”

“…Ramet variation in flowering phenology (duration and initiation of) was described in deatil by Gross and Werner (1983). Flowering phenology was nearly synchronous with that of S. canadensis, but peak bloom occurred approximately 7-10 d later than for E. graminifolia (Hurlbert 1970;Gross and Werner 1983).…”

“…(a) Morphology -Although Solidago nemoralis produces small clumps of 1-10 stems arising from a branched caudex (Werner 1976), typically (82% of the time) only a single flowering stem is produced per caudex (Gross and Werner 1983). Further, because S. nemoralis allocates little energy to rhizome production, it produces a higher proportion of stem to rhizome tissue than occurs in other associated species of goldenrod (i.e., S. altissima L., S. arguta Ait., S. bicolor, S. caesia L., S. juncea, S. flexicaulis L. as S. latifolia L., S. rugosa Mill., S. gigantea Ait.…”