Relationships among Athletic Identity, Coping Skills, Social Support, and the Psychological Impact of Injury in Recreational Participants

A Longitudinal Pilot Study of Depressive Symptoms in Concussed and Injured/Nonconcussed National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Student-Athletes

“…36 Identity loss is related to depression after an injury; greater identity loss can lead to increasing levels of depression. 37 A final factor may relate to the nature of postconcussion sequelae and their effects on patients' perceptions of disability in the cognitive, emotional, and social realms. 12,25 Concussed individuals may feel physically capable of participating despite cognitive, emotional, or social deficits that preclude safe return; this may create anxiety, anger, and fear, all of which have been linked to depressive symptoms.…”

An examination of hardiness throughout the sport injury process

“…For example, Albinson and Petrie (2003) found that athletes who appraise injury as stressful are more likely to employ coping strategies that deal directly with injury and its effects (i.e., problem-focused coping), whereas Green and Weinberg (2001) failed to find a significant relationship between coping and mood states in a cross-sectional analysis of athletes' responses to injury. However, which is the most appropriate measure of coping to employ in future quantitative research remains an unanswered question.…”

“…exclusive reliance on injured skiers), it has provided an important foundation for researchers to explore the myriad of factors that may influence injured athletes use of coping strategies (e.g., cognitive appraisal; Albinson & Petrie, 2003) and their subsequent effects on other variables such as mood states (Green & Weinberg, 2001). For example, Albinson and Petrie (2003) found that athletes who appraise injury as stressful are more likely to employ coping strategies that deal directly with injury and its effects (i.e., problem-focused coping), whereas Green and Weinberg (2001) failed to find a significant relationship between coping and mood states in a cross-sectional analysis of athletes' responses to injury.…”

“…Gauvin & Spence, 1998;Jones, Lane, Bray, Uphill, & Catlin, 2005;Lane, Beedie, & Stevens, 2005;Mellalieu, 2003;Vallerand & Blanchard, 2000). For example, researchers who have embraced a quantitative paradigm to measure athletes' emotional responses to injury have frequently used the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) as the primary measurement tool, which measures six dimensions of mood: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension and vigor (e.g., Brewer et al, 1995;Chan & Grossman, 1988;Daly et al, 1995;Gallagher & Gardner, 2007;Green & Weinberg, 2001;Grove & Bianco, 1999;Mainwaring, Bisschop, Green, Antoniazzi, Comper, Kristman, et al, 2004;McDonald & Hardy, 1990;Morrey, Stuart, Smith, & WieseBjornstal, 1999;Pearson & Jones, 1992;Quinn & Fallon, 1999;Smith, Scott, O'Fallon, & Young, 1990;Udry, 1997). Although these studies generally demonstrate that athletes' mood states shift from a negative to more positive mood state over time, researchers and practitioners need to interpret these findings with caution with regard to how athletes' emotionally respond to injury.…”

“…interventions (e.g., Evans & Hardy, 2002a;Johnson, 2000); and various personal (e.g., athletic identity; Green & Weinberg, 2001) and situational variables (e.g., timing of injury; Gayman & Crossman, 2003). Although examining the research surrounding each of these variables is beyond the scope of this review, the following sections will provide a critical discussion of how injured athletes' emotionally respond to and cope with injury, which are pertinent concepts within this thesis.…”