Relationship of wash/rinse water temperatures to soil removal

Abstract

Samples of cotton, polyester and nylon fabrics were soiled by application of synthetic sebum and clay and then laundered at various combinations of hot, warm and cold wash and rinse water temperatures. The temperature of the rinse water did not affect the amount of soil removed from the fabrics. More soil was generally removed with hot wash water than with warm or cold water. The soil was more readily removed from the nylon than from the cotton or polyester fabrics. All wash/rinse treatments removed soil to a level that would probably be acceptable to most consumers.

Comparison of the washing efficiencies of a laboratory washing device (Launder‐Ometer) and of automatic household washing machines with horizontal drums

“…In accordance with the results of removal of oily (mayonnaise) soil in the present study, oily soil was better removed in hot washing water (54°C) than in cold water (21°C) in a study by Morris and Prato (1985). On the basis of energy savings, Carty (1983) proposed a combination of pre‐soaking for 2–3 h and washing at 40°C in order to obtain similar washing results to those at 50°C.…”

“…They are used, for example, for testing colour fastness of textiles (EN 20105‐C01‐C06, 1993; Reinhardt and Ulshöfer, 2006a,b). Such equipment has also been used for soiling of textiles (Morris and Prato, 1985) and in studies concerning the effects of different parameters of the washing process on soil removal (Paek, 1983; Morris and Prato, 1985), residual soil distribution (Breen et al. , 1984), encrustation (Detering et al.…”

Application of radiochemical determination methods in cleanability research of building materials

“…2). In addition to concrete and joint materials, other porous materials for which radiochemical methods have been used include textiles (Jokelainen et al, 1982;Jokelainen andUusi-Rauva, 1976b, 1979;Morris and Prato, 1985;Shebs, 1987) and even contact lenses (Prager and Quintana, 1997a,b). …”

“…In addition, radiochemical methods have been used in some laundering studies (Morris and Prato, 1985;Shebs, 1987).…”

Modifications of surface materials and their effects on cleanability as studied by radiochemical methods

“…Radiochemical methods have also been used to compare the efficiencies of detergents on PVC, chromium and steel surfaces (Table 1) and cleaning methods for removing metallic impurities , Lu et al 2000, Wang et al 2001). In addition, radiochemical methods have been used in laundering studies (Morris andPrato 1985, Shebs 1987). In general, -and -decays are used in surface cleanability research ( Table 2).…”