Relationship of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Monocyte-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio of Bronchial Washing Fluid with Histopathology, Stage, and Bronchoscopic Lesions of Non-Small Cell Carcinoma Lung Cancer

Abstract

Background: Chronic inflammation has been shown to be closely associated with immunosuppressive conditions that support the microenvironment for tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of inflammatory cytokine levels TNF-a , neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with histopathology, stage, and bronchoscopic features of non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design at the Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G Ngoerah Central General Hospital in January 2023 – September 2023. Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and 2 independent sample t test. Results: There were 23 samples that met the inclusion criteria. The mean NLR, MLR, and TNF-a in this study were 8.939, 0.095, and 129.46 respectively. NLR was associated with KPKBSK histopathology (p = 0.026), KPKBSK stage (p = 0.003), tumour size classification (T) (p = 0.001) and metastasis (M) (p = 0009). MLR was associated with KPKBSK histopathology (p = 0.035). Smoking status had an influence on the relationship between MLR and KPKBSK histopathology (p = 0.032). TNF-a value was not associated with KPKBSK histopathology, bronchoscopic lesions, and stage. Smoking status had an influence on the bronchoscopic lesions of KPKBSK (p = 0.04). Conclusion: There are associations between MLR and NLR with histopathology of non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer. There is a relationship between NLR and the stage of non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer.