Relationship of Rumen Gram-Negative Bacteria and Free Endotoxin to Lactic Acidosis in Cattle

Nagaraja, T. G.; Bartley, E.E.; Fina, L. R.; Anthony, H. D.

doi:10.2527/jas1978.4761329x

Cited by 82 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Several studies on the impact of grain-induced rumen acidosis on rumen bacteria of dairy cows have been conducted using culture-based, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and fragmentation techniques, such as terminal restriction fragments length polymorphism (Nagaraja et al, 1978; Russell and Hino, 1985; Khafipour et al, 2009c). Recent advances in sequencing technology, however, offer rapid, low-cost molecular-based methodologies that can investigate bacterial communities with high resolution and as a whole (Krause et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows

Plaizier

Tun

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on the bacteria in rumen fluid, cecal digesta, and feces of dairy cows were determined using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and real-time quantitative PCR. Six non-lactating Holstein cows with cannulas in the rumen and cecum were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments. During the first 3 wk of each experimental period, cows received a control diet containing 70% forages on a dry matter (DM) basis. In wk 4 of each period, cows received one of three diets: (1) the control diet; (2) a diet in which 34% of the dietary DM was replaced with pellets of ground wheat and barley (GBSC); or (3) a diet in which 37% of dietary DM was replaced with pellets of ground alfalfa (APSC). Rumen fluid, cecal digesta and feces were collected on d 5 of wk 4 of each period and the composition of the bacterial community was studied. Rumen fermentation responses were reported in a companion study. Both SARA-inducing challenges resulted in similar digesta pH depressions (as shown by the companion study), and reduced bacterial richness and diversity in rumen fluid, but GBSC had the larger effect. None of the challenges affected these measures in cecal digesta, and only GBSC reduced bacterial richness and diversity in feces. Only GBSC reduced the abundance of Bacteroidetes in rumen fluid. Abundances of limited number of bacterial genera identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in the rumen, cecum and feces were affected by the GBSC. The APSC did not affect any of these abundances. Both challenges increased the abundances of several starch, pectin, xylan, dextrin, lactate, succinate, and sugar fermenting bacterial species in the rumen, cecum, and feces as determined by qPCR. Only GBSC increased that of Megasphaera elsdenii in the rumen. Both challenges decreased the abundance of Streptococcus bovis, and increased that of Escherichia coli, in cecal digesta and feces, with GBSC having the larger effect. These results showed that the SARA challenges caused moderate and reversible changes of the composition of the bacteria in the foregut and hindgut, with the greater changes observed during GBSC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows

Plaizier

Tun

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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“…In an in vitro fermentation study, Nagaraja et al [3] found a greater decrease in ruminal pH but a greater increase in free ruminal endotoxin with corn as the substrate than with alfalfa. They also found feeding grain to cows not adapted to grain resulted in higher free ruminal endotoxin, and the endotoxin concentration in the rumen increased by 15 to 18 times within 12 hours after SARA was induced by feeding grain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A decline in ruminal pH during SARA causes death and cell lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in an increase in free ruminal LPS concentration [1-3]. However, rapid growth of Gram-negative bacteria can also result in the shedding of LPS in the rumen [1,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After LPS is translocated into the blood stream, immune responses are subsequently caused by circulating LPS [31], and the systemic effects include an increase in the blood concentrations of neutrophils [3] and the acute phase proteins, such as SAA, Hp, and LPB [4]. The increase of acute phase proteins in the systemic circulation is a non-specific acute phase response activated by endotoxin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: Impacts on immunity and metabolism

Dong

Liu

et al. 2011

Acta Vet Scand

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Dairy cows are often fed high grain diets to meet the energy demand for high milk production or simply due to a lack of forages at times. As a result, ruminal acidosis, especially subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), occurs frequently in practical dairy production. When SARA occurs, bacterial endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is released in the rumen and the large intestine in a large amount. Many other bacterial immunogens may also be released in the digestive tract following feeding dairy cows diets containing high proportions of grain. LPS can be translocated into the bloodstream across the epithelium of the digestive tract, especially the lower tract, due to possible alterations of permeability and injuries of the epithelial tissue. As a result, the concentration of blood LPS increases. Immune responses are subsequently caused by circulating LPS, and the systemic effects include increases in concentrations of neutrophils and the acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid-A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), LPS binding protein (LBP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood. Entry of LPS into blood can also result in metabolic alterations. Blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations are enhanced accompanying an increase of blood LPS after increasing the amount of grain in the diet, which adversely affects feed intake of dairy cows. As the proportions of grain in the diet increase, patterns of plasma β-hydoxybutyric acid, cholesterol, and minerals (Ca, Fe, and Zn) are also perturbed. The bacterial immunogens can also lead to reduced supply of nutrients for synthesis of milk components and depressed functions of the epithelial cells in the mammary gland. The immune responses and metabolic alterations caused by circulating bacterial immunogens will exert an effect on milk production. It has been demonstrated that increases in concentrations of ruminal LPS and plasma acute phase proteins (CRP, SAA, and LBP) are associated with declines in milk fat content, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, as well as milk energy efficiency.

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“…In this scenario, the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases linked to digestive disorders like laminitis (Nagaraja et al, 1978;Nocek, 1997) could be re-appraised and investigated on the basis of new, more convincing working hypotheses, based on the release of second messengers from…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate immune responses to metabolic stress can be detected in rumen fluids

Trevisi

Riva

Filipe

et al. 2018

Research in Veterinary Science

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Many production diseases of dairy cows are related to digestive troubles. The rumen subacute acidosis is the most relevant one, albeit not easily recognized. Recent studies suggest that forestomachs can perform regulatory actions at both regional and systemic levels, since forestomach walls express immune receptors and cytokines, and the rumen liquor is infiltrated by leukocytes. Therefore, the rumen fluid could be conveniently collected for investigating metabolic production diseases. Thus, we investigated the origin of the leukocytes of the rumen fluid and demonstrated that they partly derive from saliva. Next, we carried out a field survey of innate immunity in rumen fluids of 128 cows from 12 dairy farms, along with clinical inspections, assessment of milk yield, rumen pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and major inflammo-metabolic parameters. Significant statistical correlations were found between immune markers in rumen fluids and biochemical parameters. A significant negative correlation was found in rumen between CD45 gene expression (leukocyte infiltration) and pH level. B cells were the most frequent mononuclear leukocyte population in the rumen liquor and their infiltration was negatively affected by low ruminal pH and high concentrations of VFA. Moreover, total Ig and IgM in rumen fluids were negatively correlated with ruminal pH and positively correlated with uremia.Our data suggest that forestomach immune responses could be directed to "dangers" arising within the forestomach environment. The immune markers could integrate consolidated diagnostic parameters (e.g. rumen pH) and contribute to robust, early diagnosis of tricky digestive troubles of cattle.

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Relationship of Rumen Gram-Negative Bacteria and Free Endotoxin to Lactic Acidosis in Cattle

Cited by 82 publications

References 17 publications

Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows

Nutritional Models of Experimentally-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Differ in Their Impact on Rumen and Hindgut Bacterial Communities in Dairy Cows

Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: Impacts on immunity and metabolism

Innate immune responses to metabolic stress can be detected in rumen fluids

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