Relationship of Alternate Bearing Intensity in Pecan to Fruit and Canopy Characteristics

Wood, Bruce W.; Conner, Patrick J.; Worley, Ray E.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.38.3.361

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Hypotheses for alternate bearing have undergone modification as more data became available. The current theory supports a two-level control with inhibitors and promoters determining induction during the previous growing season and the dormant season carbohydrate pool influencing pistillate flower development (Smith et al, 1986;Sparks, 2000Sparks, , 2003aWood, 2003;Wood and McMeans, 1981;Wood et al, 2003Wood et al, , 2004.…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

“…Initial research (Smith and Waugh, 1938) and later work suggested that stored carbohydrate concentrations during the winter markedly affected subsequent flowering (Malstrom, 1974;Wood, 1989Wood, , 1991Worley, 1979aWorley, , 1979b. Other work suggested that inhibition of return bloom by developing fruit was incited by phytohormones or other growth regulators (Amling and Amling, 1983;Smith et al, 1986;Wood, 2003;Wood and McMeans, 1981;Wood et al, 2003). Hypotheses for alternate bearing have undergone modification as more data became available.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Cluster Thinning on Return Bloom, Nut Quality, and Concentrations of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Non-structural Carbohydrates

Rohla¹,

Smith²,

Maness³

2007

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Alternate bearing pecan trees [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] were hand-thinned annually to 1, ≤2, or ≤3 fruit/cluster or not thinned when the ovule was about one-half expanded. Return bloom was monitored on (1) vegetative shoots, (2) bearing shoots without a second growth flush in the terminal position on 1-year-old branches, (3) bearing shoots without a second growth flush in the lateral position on 1-year-old branches, and (4) bearing shoots with a second growth flush that were primarily in the terminal position. Yield and nut quality were determined in addition to nonstructural carbohydrate, organically bound nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) concentrations in the roots and shoots during January. Fruit thinning improved return bloom but had little effect on weight/nut, kernel percent, or kernel grade. Fruit thinning had either a modest or no effect on nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and K concentrations. Vegetative shoots and bearing terminal shoots produced a similar number of flowers/1-year-old branch and percentage of flowering current-season shoots. Bearing lateral shoots produced fewer flowers than vegetative shoots most years and fewer flowering current-season shoots during one year. Shoots with a second growth flush produced more flowers/1-year-old branch and a larger percentage of flowering current-season shoots than did vegetative shoots 2 of 3 years. These data indicate fruit thinning of overloaded trees improved return bloom, but the lack of interactions between thinning treatment and shoot type suggests that the number of fruit/cluster was less important than total crop load in determining nut quality and return bloom. Thus removal of entire fruit clusters appears as effective as thinning fruit within a cluster to maintain adequate nut quality and promote return bloom. Nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and K were not limiting factors in bearing consistency because they were not depressed in unthinned trees. Nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and K concentrations were not closely linked to alternate bearing because return bloom was enhanced by thinning, but thinning did not affect their concentrations.

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supporting

confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Cluster Thinning on Return Bloom, Nut Quality, and Concentrations of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Non-structural Carbohydrates

Rohla¹,

Smith²,

Maness³

2007

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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“…Although appropriate fungicide use typically provides satisfactory scab control, protection is expensive, and disease control is often disappointing. In addition, fungicides might reduce carbon photoassimilation Wood et al, 1985), which potentially influences flowering and crop load (Wood, 1989(Wood, , 1995(Wood, , 2011Wood et al, 2003;Worley, 1979aWorley, , 1979b. Thus, there is need for improved scab disease management tools that increase efficacy and/ or reduce control costs without adversely affecting tree health and production potential.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of Pecan Scab by Nickel

Wood¹,

Reilly²,

Bock³

et al. 2012

horts

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The economic cost of pecan scab, caused by Fusicladium effusum G. Winter, can substantially limit profitability of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivation in humid environments. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies found nickel (Ni) to inhibit growth of F. effusum and reduce disease severity on fruit and foliage of orchard trees. Nickel was toxic to the fungus in vitro at concentrations applied to orchard trees, and Ni sprays reduced scab severity on foliage of pecan seedlings in greenhouse experiments. Host genotype appears to influence Ni efficacy with fruit tissue of cultivars of intermediate resistance (i.e., ‘Desirable’) being most responsive to treatment and those most susceptible to scab (i.e., ‘Wichita’ and ‘Apache’) being least responsive. Addition of Ni as a nutritional supplement applied in combination with fungicides applied as air-blast sprays to commercial orchards reduced severity of scab on both leaves and fruit depending on cultivar and date of disease assessment (e.g., scab severity on fruit was reduced by 6% to 52% on ‘Desirable’ in an orchard setting). Nickel-supplemented fungicide sprays to ‘Desirable’ trees in commercial orchards also increased fruit weight and kernel filling, apparently from improved disease control. Although the efficacy of Ni was typically much less than that of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH), a standard fungicide used in commercial orchards, Ni treatment of tree canopies for increasing tree Ni nutrition slightly lowered disease severity. These studies establish that foliar Ni use in orchards potentially reduces severity of scab on foliage and fruit in scab-prone environments. The inclusion of Ni with fungicides for management of pecan scab might reduce disease severity over that conferred by fungicide alone, especially if targeted cultivars possess at least a moderate degree of scab resistance. Similar benefit from Ni sprays might also occur in host–fungi interactions involving other crops.

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“…From that point forward, 'Avalon' yields continued to increase each year. This is in contrast to 'Byrd', 'Pawnee', and 'Gafford', which all had years in which yields were lower than the previous year, a common feature of an irregularly bearing crop like pecan (Wood et al, 2003). The average yield of 'Avalon' was similar to that of 'Byrd', 'Pawnee', and 'Gafford', and greater than that of 'Desirable'.…”

Section: Description and Performancementioning

confidence: 71%