Relationship of aerobic and anaerobic parameters with 400 m front crawl swimming performance

Kalva-Filho, Carlos Augusto; Campos, Eduardo Zapaterra; Andrade, Vitor Luiz de; Silva, Adelino; Zagatto, Alessandro Moura; Lima, Manoel Carlos Spiguel; Papoti, Marcelo

doi:10.5604/20831862.1188611

Cited by 13 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Thus, it may be likely that these parameters influence the S400 and consequently performance. These possible relationships are scarce in the lit-erature for the 400-m front crawl, except for one study [34] that used a different method (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) to estimate the anaerobic contribution to T400 performance. Positive correlations were found (r = 0.80 and r = 0.44) between anaerobic contribution and performance, with the result being similar to that obtained in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 400-m Front Crawl Test: Energetic and 3D Kinematical Analyses

et al. 2019

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The aim of the study was to verify the relative contributions of energetic and kinematic parameters to the performance in 400-m front crawl test. Fourteen middle-distance swimmers participated in the study. Oxygen consumption was measured directly and blood samples were collected to assay lactate concentration. Both oxygen consumption and lactate concentration were used to calculate the: (i) overall energy expenditure, (ii) anaerobic (alactic and lactic) and (iii) aerobic contributions. The mean centre of mass speed and intracycle velocity variation were determined through three-dimensional kinematic analysis. Mean completion time was 315.64±26.91s. Energetic contributions were as follows: 6.1±0.28% from alactic anaerobic metabolism, 5.9±0.63% from anaerobic lactic and 87.8±0.88% from aerobic. Mean intracycle velocity variation was 0.14±0.03. The results indicated that performance of 400-m test relies predominantly on aerobic power. Parameters such as lactate, mean speed, anaerobic lactic and alactic (kW) correlated with performance of 400-m test (p <0.05). Multiple linear regressions indicated that mean centre of mass speed and anaerobic alactic (kW) determined the 400-m test performance (R2=0.92). Even though the T400 is characterized by aerobic metabolism, the anaerobic alactic component cannot be negligible at this competition level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 400-m Front Crawl Test: Energetic and 3D Kinematical Analyses

et al. 2019

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“…Swimming performance depends on physiological (endurance capacity, and anaerobic fitness), technical, and morphological factors (Pelayo et al, 2007 ; Lätt et al, 2009 ; Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ). In relation to physiological aspects, studies have demonstrated that both the aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms are important to swimming performance (Zamparo et al, 2000 ; Figueiredo et al, 2011 ; Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ). Considering the large time volume expended during training to improve specific metabolisms, knowledge about energy balance in different performances is important for specific training prescription (Toussaint and Hollander, 1994 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VO 2 (log transformed) and recovery time are linearly adjusted and VO 2 relative to the effort is determined at the end of exercise (Campos et al, 2016 ). Although the majority of studies have used the backward extrapolation technique in the first 30 s of recovery—assessing peak oxygen consumption (VO 2PEAK ) (Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ; Campos et al, 2016 )—the time of monitoring can be extended, allowing its use to determine EPOC FAST (i.e., AnAl) (Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantages of determining anaerobic contributions through the sum of AnAl and AnLa, is maintaining the ecological validity of measurements, consequently increasing the applicability of results. However, as well as this parameter being frequently ignored in energy balance in swimming, few studies have used the backward extrapolation technique to determine AnAl values (Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ). In addition, although these parameters have been extensively used to characterize different efforts, their comparison between different swimming distances, and the correlations of AnAl and AnLa with different swimming distances are scarce in swimming (Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance

et al. 2017

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Total anaerobic contribution (TAn) can be assessed by accumulated oxygen deficit, and through sum of glycolytic and phosphagen contribution which enable the evaluation of TAn without influences on mechanical parameters. However, little is known about the difference of TAn within swimming distances. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine and compare the TAn in different performances using the backward extrapolation technique and amount of lactate accumulated during exercise, and relate it with swimming performance. Fourteen competitive swimmers performed five maximal front crawl swims of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m. The total phosphagen (AnAl) and glycolytic (AnLa) contributions were assumed as the fast component of post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOCFAST) and amount of blood lactate accumulated during exercise, respectively. TAn was the sum of AnAl and AnLa. Significantly lower values of AnLa were observed in the 800 m (p < 0.01) than other distances. For AnAl, the 50 m performance presented the lowest values, followed by 100 and 800 m (p < 0.01). The highest values of AnAl were observed in the 200 and 400 m (p > 0.13). The TAn was significantly higher in the 200 and 400 m performances than observed at 50 and 800 m (p < 0.01). Anaerobic contributions were correlated with 50, 100, 200, and 400 m performances (p < 0.01). The AnAl contribution was not correlated with 400 m performance. Anaerobic parameters were not correlated with 800 m performance. In conclusion, the highest values of anaerobic contribution were observed in the 200 and 400 m distances. Moreover, TAn is important to performances below 400 m, and may be used in training routines.

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“…In swimming, the contribution of the aerobic metabolism to a maximal effort of 400 m may range from 25 to 83% of total energy and can be influenced by maximal oxygen uptake, metabolic thresholds and peak speed performed 15,16 . Thus, the use of taurine supplementation may oppose the possible overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of taurine supplementation in elite swimmers performance

Batitucci

Terrazas

Nobrega

et al. 2018

Motriz: rev. educ. fis.

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Taurine is considered a semi-essential amino acid characterized by having various physiological functions in the body that modulate mechanisms of action involved in the muscle contraction process, increased energy expenditure, insulin signaling pathway, carbohydrate metabolism, and scavenging free radicals. These functions are crucial for aerobic exercise performance; thus, taurine supplementation may benefit athletes' performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine supplementation on the resting energy expenditure and physical performance of swimming athletes. Methods: In a double-blind study, 14 male swimmers were randomized into two groups: the taurine group (n = 7) and the placebo group (n = 7), which received 3 g per day of taurine or placebo in capsules during 8 weeks. Resting energy expenditure, plasma taurine, physical performance, anthropometry, dietary consumption were measured and an incremental test was performed to determine their maximal front crawl swimming performances before and after the 8-week period. Results: The levels of serum taurine (p < 0.0001) and lactate (p = 0.0130) showed a significant increase in the taurine group; however, the other variables were not different. No changes were observed in the resting energy expenditure, mean speed performed, and the anaerobic threshold of the swimmers post-supplementation period. Conclusion: Supplementation of taurine increased plasma concentrations of this amino acid, but did not lead to significant changes in food intake, rest energy expenditure, and athletes' performance. However, the supplemented group presented a higher lactate production, suggesting a possible positive effect of taurine on the anaerobic lactic metabolism.

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Relationship of aerobic and anaerobic parameters with 400 m front crawl swimming performance

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

The 400-m Front Crawl Test: Energetic and 3D Kinematical Analyses

The 400-m Front Crawl Test: Energetic and 3D Kinematical Analyses

Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance

Effects of taurine supplementation in elite swimmers performance

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