Relationship between Tourist Arrival and Foreign Exchange Earnings: The Case for Bangladesh

Aktar, Most. Asikha; Sadekin, Md. Nazmus; Saha, Sanjoy Kumar

doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p162

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This panel data analysis highlighted that there is a bi-directional causality between tourism receipts and GDP especially in countries located in Europe, North America, Latin America and the Caribbean regions. Apart from that, Aktar et al (2014), based on the Cointegration techniques, observed that there is a long run relationship between tourism revenue and foreign exchange earnings. It is observed that, a large number of empirical studies have examined the impact of the tourism sector on economic growth, employment and also the negative and positive impacts of tourism in relation to society and culture.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sri Lanka-China Tourism Relations An Analysis of Recent Trends in Chinese Tourist Arrivals to Sri Lanka

Deyshappriya¹,

Damanupola²,

Kumari³

2019

Sri Lanka J. Adv. Soc. Stud.

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Tourism is widely recognised as one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries, accounting for approximately 10% of the global GDP, and employing a growing workforce of 283.5 million. In the context of Sri Lanka, the tourism sector is the 3rd largest foreign income earner and the total contribution to the economy is around 12% of GDP. This paper examines the recent trends in Chinese tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka along with the comparative position of Sri Lanka as an outbound tourism destination of China. It is observed that during the period of 1984 -1994, Germany held the number one spot in Sri Lanka's tourist arrivals. Until 2004, Germany, India and the UK were the 'top 3' countries among Sri Lanka's tourist arrivals, and China's contribution to local tourism was insignificant. In 2014, however, China was raised to the rank of the 3 rd major tourist partner of Sri Lanka, accounting for 8.4% of total tourist arrivals. Moreover, Chinese tourist arrivals grew remarkably by 72.5% in 2010-2016, while Indian and UK tourist arrivals increased only by 19.3% and 10.3%, respectively. Furthermore, tourist arrivals from China increased by 68% in 2015 compared to 2014, while Indian tourist arrivals grew only by 30%. Despite the impressive growth rate in Chinese tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka, these numbers are negligible in comparison to Chinese outbound tourism to other countries. Even though Sri Lanka was among the top 25 tourist destinations of Chinese travellers in 2007, it no longer holds this valuable position. Thus, this study recommends promoting SriLankan tourism destinations, e-tourism sites, improving air-connectivity between the two countries and cultivating tourism-friendly 'soft power' by celebrating festivals such as Chinese New Year, increasing the number of Chinesespeaking guides and hotel staff and introducing Chinese-language apps for tourists in order to multiply prospective tourists from China.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sri Lanka-China Tourism Relations An Analysis of Recent Trends in Chinese Tourist Arrivals to Sri Lanka

Deyshappriya¹,

Damanupola²,

Kumari³

2019

Sri Lanka J. Adv. Soc. Stud.

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“…Some conversely find the non-impact of the exchange rate to tourism demand equally in various origin-destination scenarios (Zheng, 2011). In particular, there also exists the long run relationship between tourism demand and foreign exchange earnings, (Ruane, 2014), (Vita, 2014) and (Aktar, 2014). Multiple exchange rate regime effect and support the importance of maintaining a relatively stable price to attract tourism arrivals.…”

Section: Reviewing Existing Empirical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism Demand and Exogenous Exchange Rate in Cambodia: A Stochastic Seasonal Arimax Approach

Chhorn

2018

Theor. Pract. Res. Econom. Fields

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Time series seasonally displays toward either an autoregressive or moving average process where persist in seasonality fluctuation. The paper examines the relationship of tourism demand with controlling an exogenous exchange rate using seasonal ARIMA model. The empirical results reveal that HEGY test for seasonal unit roots with lower and upper panel indicates the statistical significance which explains the failure of rejection of having unit roots at different frequencies. The estimated outcomes from tourism demand model specify that per capita income and exchange rate have the power in explaining tourism demand measured as tourist arrivals. In particular to forecasting model and due to the lower statistical value of RMSE and MAE displays that the SARIMAX (4, 1, 1) – (1, 1, 1)12 model is the best accuracy model to perform the long run ex-ante forecasting of tourism demand. This suggests tourism policy maker to pay more reflection in formulating the policy toward the exogenous factors in line with the uncertainty and unobserved seasonality.

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“…Study found the rise of unemployment by 20 percent in some developing countries, and in some other countries tourism will be wipe out if the same situation continues for a year (UNCTAD, 2020). Aktar et al (2014) analyzed the relationship between tourist arrival and foreign exchange earnings in Bangladesh. Study used monthly time series data from 2004 to 2010 from Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation and Bangladesh Tourism Board.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism, Employment Generation and Foreign Exchange Earnings in Nepal

Bhattarai

Upadhyaya

Bohara³

2021

J. Tourism & Hospitality Educ.

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An activity of travelling has remained one of the leading contributors of global economic activities, particularly, in employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. With the 56-folds growth of international tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2018 globally, Nepalese tourism industry is widening its scope for employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. The aim of this study is to analyze role of tourism on employment generation and foreign exchange earnings in Nepal. For this, a descriptive study design was employed. Analysis was done by using secondary data of the period 2010-2019. Number of tourist arrival in 2019 (1,197,191) was found nearby double compared to the 2010 (602,867), however, the status of average length of stay remained almost same within this period. Data show, on average, that most of the tourists had visited Nepal for holiday celebration (58.6%), followed by trekking and mountaineering (11.2%) and pilgrimage (11.4%). Average annual share of tourism earnings on total export earnings in 2010-2018 was 21.7% whereas share of tourism earnings on total foreign exchange earnings was 6.2%. It is estimated that every 6 tourists visited create 1 employment opportunity in Nepal. Despite the situation of almost double in number of tourist arrival from 2010 to 2019, this study concludes that there was no significant increase in the share of tourism in total foreign exchange earnings and total employment in Nepal.

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Relationship between Tourist Arrival and Foreign Exchange Earnings: The Case for Bangladesh

Abstract: Tourism is one of the promising sectors for Bangladesh.

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Sri Lanka-China Tourism Relations An Analysis of Recent Trends in Chinese Tourist Arrivals to Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka-China Tourism Relations An Analysis of Recent Trends in Chinese Tourist Arrivals to Sri Lanka

Tourism Demand and Exogenous Exchange Rate in Cambodia: A Stochastic Seasonal Arimax Approach

Tourism, Employment Generation and Foreign Exchange Earnings in Nepal

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